Lateral jet interaction with a supersonic crossflow

A lateral jet in a supersonic crossflow creates a highly complex three-dimensional flow field which is not easily predicted. The aim of this research was to assess the use of a RANS based CFD method to simulate a lateral jet in supersonic crossflow interaction by comparing the performance of available RANS turbulence models. Four turbulence models were trialled in increasingly complex configurations; a flat plate, a body of revolution and a body of revolution at incidence. The results of this numerical campaign were compared to existing experimental and numerical data. Overall the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model provided the best fit to experimental data. The performance of the lateral jet as a reaction control system was assed by calculating the force and moment amplification factors. The predicted flowfield surrounding the interaction was analysed in detail and was shown to predict the accepted shock and vortical structures. The lateral jet interaction flowfield over a body of revolution was shown to be qualitatively the same as that over a flat plate. An experimental facility was designed and manufactured allowing the study of the lateral jet interaction in Cranfield University’s 2 ½” x 2 ½” supersonic windtunnel. The interaction was studied with a freestream Mach number of 1.8, 2.4 & 3.1 and over a range of pressure ratios (50≤PR≤200). Levels of unsteadiness in the interaction were measured using high bandwidth pressure transducers. The level of unsteadiness was quantified by calculating the OASPL of the pressure signal. OASPL was found to increase with increasing levels of PR or MPR and to decrease with increases of Mach number. The levels of unsteadiness found were low with the highest levels found downstream of the jet

Studies, chiefly in microbiology: a collection of published and unpublished papers

The most important section of these works consists of the papers concerning Staphylococci, papers 1 to l4, which were completed in the Research Department of the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne.1. Christie, R. and Keogh, E. V. Physiological and Serological Characteristics of Staphylococci of Human Origin. J. Path, and Bact. 1940 51 p. 189. Pages 1 to 15 || 2. Ciiristie, R. Use of Slide Agglutination to Determine Pathogenicity of Staphyl¬ ococci. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1940 18 p. 397. Pages 16 to 25 || 3. Christie, R. and Graydon, J. J. Observations on Staphylococcal Haemolysis and Staphylococcal Lipase. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1941 19 P. 9. Pages 26 to 44 || 4. Ciiristie, R. and North, E. A. Observations on Staphylococcal-toxin Production by Strains Isolated from Staphyloccal Lesions In Man. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1941 19 p. 323-327. Pages 45 to 56 || 5. Ciiristie, R. and Wilson, H. Test of Staphylococcal Ffbrinolysin. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1941 19 p. 329. Pages 57 to 65 6. Ciiristie, R., Atkins, N. E. and Muneh-Petersen, E. Note on Lytic Phenomena Shown By Group B. Streptococci. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Mod. Sci., 1944 22 p. 197. Pages 66 to 75 || 7. Christie, R., Graydon, J. J. and Woods, E. P, Staphylococcal Fibrinolysin. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1945 23 p. 127. Pages 76 to 05 || 8, Munch-Petersen, P., Christie, R., Simmons, R. T. and Beddorae, H, A. Further Notes on the lytic Phenomenon Shown by Croup B Streptococci. Aust. J. exp. rol. Med. Sci., 1945 25 p. 195. Pages 86 to 91 || 9. North, E. H. and Christie, R. Observations on the Sensitivity of Staphylococci to Penicillin. Med. J. Aust. 1945 2 p. 24» Pages 92 to 101 || 10. Christie, R., North, E, A. and Parkin, B. J. Criteria of Pathogenicity in Staphylococci. Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1946 24 p. 73. Pages 102 to 117 || 11. North, E. A. and Christie, R. Acquired Resistance of Staphylococci to the Action of Penicillin. Med. J. Aust. 1946 1 p. 176. Pages 118 to 131 || 12. North, E. A., Christie, R. and Rani:, B. K. Penicillin-resistant Staphylococci in Wounds, a Eoport Based on Study of 59 Cases of Infected War-wounds. Mod. J. Aust. 1946 2 p. 41. Pages 132 to 164 || 13. Kunch-Peterson, E. and Christie, R. An Effect of Interaction of Staphylococcal-toxin and Group B Streptococcal Substance On Red Blood Corpuscles and Its Use as a Test for Identification of Str, agalactiae. J. Path. Bact. 19'47 59p.367. Pages 165 to 174 || 14. Stratford, B. C., Rubbo, S., Christie, R. and Dixson, S. Treatment of Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus Aureus. Lancet I960 2 p. 1225. Pages 175 to 185The second section, papers 15 to 23, is a miscellaneous group of papers chiefly on microbiological subjects. Most of this work was carried out during the post-war period while I was Clinical Bacteriologist at St. Vincent's Hospital, Prince Henry's Hospital and the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Melbourne.15. North, E. A,, Keogh, E. V., Experimental Pertussis in the Christie, R. and Anderson, G. Monkey (Macaca Kulatta). Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1940 18 p. 125. Pages 186 to 194 || 16. Siemens, R. T. and Christie, R. Penicillin Sensitivity of Strep¬ tococci, Mostly of Groups A, B, C and G. Hed. J. Aust. 1946 1 p. 349. Pages 195 to 208 || 17. Sewing, W. J. and Christie, R. Meningitis; Isolation of Organism Resembling N, catarrhalis from C.S.F; Report of a Case. Med. J. Aust. 1947 1 p. 306. Pages 209 to 213 || 18. Christie, R. Observations on Biochemical and Serological Characteristics of Ps. pyoeyanea. Aust. J, exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 1948 26 p. 425. Pages 214 to 235 || 19. Christie, R. and Morton, Mary H. The Detection of Candida Albicans. Aust. J. Derm., 1953 11 p. 87 Pages 236 to 250 || 20. Stratford, B. C., Christie, R. and Dixson, S, Disinfection of Hospital Blankets. Med. J. Aust. I960 2 p. 621 Pages 251 to 265 21. Christie, R., Downing, H. H. and Ducible, Lynette J. Hypertonic Fragility of Erythrocytes. 1969 - Unpublished. Pages 266 to 269 || 22. Christie, R., Bumble, Lynette J., Downing H. J. and Berah. M. The El-A Antigen System and The Inclusion of the 7c Antigen in the 4b Antigen. 1969 - Unpublished. Pages 270 to 272 || 23. Durable, Lynette J., Christie, R. and Downing, H. J. Incidence of Leucocyte Antibodies Induced by Pregnancy and Their Connection with Abortion. 1969 - Unpublished. Pages 273 to 276.Author originated the idea and supervised the execution of projects, the laboratory work being carried out by assistants. These papers, numbers 24 to 30, constitute the final section of the thesis:24. Woods, E, F. and Parkin, Barbara J. The Plate Test for Coagulaoe Production by Staphylococci, Aust. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1946 24 p. 33, Pages 277 to 283 || 25. Card, Dorothy H, The Penicillin Resistance of Staphylococci. Med. J. Aust. 1948 1 p. 767. Pages 284 to 287 || 26, Keating, Shirley V. A Note on the Use of Antibiotics In the Treatment of Infections With Socje Gram-negative Bacilli. Med. J. Aust. 1951 2 p. 700. Pages 288 to 292 || 27. Hore, J, P. The Staining of Fungi in Skin and Hair. Aust. J, of Med. Tech., Jan. 1955. Page- 293 to 294 || 28, Morton, Mary K, A Note on the Deletion of Candida Albicans, Aust. J. Pom., 1955 3 p. 13. Pages 295 to 298 || 29. Keating, Shirley V. A Biochemical and Serological Study of the Genus Proteus. Med. J, Aust., 1956 Vol. 43 (2) p. 168. Pages 299 to 315 || 30, Bumble, T.ynette J. The Use of Pispersol in Culture Media for the isolation of Streptococci. Med. Technology in Australia, 1965 7 p. 149. Pages 316 to 32

Propulsion system integration and modelling synthesis

Concerns over fuel costs, along with the ever increasing requirement to reduce the impact of emissions, means that the world's airlines continue to introduce low-noise and more fuel-efficient aircraft into their fleet. Increasing the engine bypass ratio is one way to improve propulsive efficiency. However, historically an increase in the bypass ratio (BPR) has usually been associated with an increase in the fan diameter. Consequently, there can be a notable increase in the impact of the engine installation on the overall aircraft performance. For example, although the typical increase in fan diameter is generally beneficial to the uninstalled engine specific fuel consumption, the increase in the nacelle drag and weight are detrimental to the aircraft performance. There is also likely to be a stronger aerodynamic coupling between the engine and the airframe. Overall there is a risk that the gains in uninstalled engine performance are wholly or partly lost due to adverse engine-airframe installation and interference effects as well as additional nacelle weight. It is clear that the quantification of the elements of installation drag is a key aspect in the assessment of the likely developments in engine design as well as on the installation requirements for future airframe architectures. The overall aim of this research is to determine the effect of nacelle size, weight, geometry and installation on flight efficiency. This aim has been addressed through the development of a framework which combines the engine thermodynamic model, aircraft performance, engine installation aspects and a flight trajectory approach. This framework has been developed to assess the relative importance of various engine installation aspects on the overall flight fuel burn for a range of short-haul and long-haul configurations

Meeting The Needs Of Business: Are We Teaching The Right Things?

It may be that business schools are not providing undergraduate business students with the competencies considered most important by company recruiters.  Research from Bentley College and the University of Guelph indicates that graduates and managers find that non-technical skills such as creativity, oral and written communication, decision-making and leadership are least adequately developed in undergraduate business students.  A study out of Wake Forest University indicates that recruiters consider the most important competencies for undergraduate business students to have are: Communication and interpersonal skills, Leadership skills and potential, Ability to work effectively within teams, Adaptability, including dealing with ambiguity, People and task management skills, Self-management skills.  ‘Specific functional expertise’ is listed as only of ‘medium’ importance.  Yet the overwhelming majority of undergraduate business courses cover the functional areas of accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics and information technology.  A variety of delivery approaches from various undergraduate business programs are examined to determine the best way to cover these important topics

A Comprehensive Model Of Customer Satisfaction In Hospitality And Tourism: Strategic Implications For Management

Providing and maintaining customer satisfaction is one of the most important challenges facing business today.  Although this is a relatively new concept, research into this area has grown since the early 1980s. One ongoing debate in consumer satisfaction circles is the extent to which it is a cognitive process or an emotional state. The two theories that best explain customer satisfaction are disconfirmation paradigm and expectancy-value concept. Disconfirmation theory postulates that customers compare a new service experience with a standard they have developed.  Their belief about the service is determined by how well it measures up to this standard.  According to expectancy-value theory customers often make some judgment about a product, its benefits, and the likely outcomes of using the product.  People will learn to perform behavior that they expect will lead to positive outcomes.  There remains a need to provide a direct link between satisfaction and purchase.  Some models indicate a link between satisfaction and repeat purchase intention but not yet to actual purchase.  The most widely used model to translate theories of customer satisfaction into management practice is that of SERVQUAL.  In this model service quality is defined as the difference between customer expectations and customer perception of service received.  It is proposed that, at this time, the SERVQUAL model presents the best mechanism to explain customer satisfaction in hospitality and tourism.  A detailed examination of the model is provided together with suggested areas for further research to improve its applicability to hospitality and tourism

The Marketing of Services--Implications for Leisure

Leisure is a service industry and traditional marketing approaches do not work well. New models are needed to improve the effectiveness of the leisure service industry

A history of the telephone in the Midwest (1875-1920)

The purpose of this study is to present in an orderly manner a history of the early telephone companies and, at the same time, give a semi-technical description of some of the early practices, procedures, and equipment developed and employed by the many telephone pioneers. The importance of the telephone on population growth, comparison of the telephone industry with other industries, or the importance of the telephone in helping to overcome the extremes of nature, as well as many other areas of study were necessarily omitted in order to keep the subject within reasonable limits. In the future, those areas of study might be profitably explored in separate projects

Examining AWB’s market power in the international wheat market

The Australian wheat marketing system has been through a number of stages of deregulation in recent years. However, the AWB still maintains the monopoly selling rights of Australian wheat exports. The AWB and its supporters justify the single desk by arguing that the monopoly power enables them to gain a higher price in the export markets. Opposition to the single desk argues that Australia does not produce enough wheat to influence prices. The objective of this study is to test the market power hypothesis by examining the quantity - price relationship of Australian wheat exports and the stability of this relationship over time using annual data from 1961 to 2000.AWB, single desk, wheat marketing, national competition policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries,