2-Hydrazonyl-Propandihydrazide - A Versatile Precursor for High-Energy Materials

In this work, 2-hydrazonyl-propandihydrazide (2), a new precursor for energetic materials based on diethyl 2,2-diazidomalonate (1) was investigated. Therefore, its versatility was shown by various secondary reactions, including formation of energetic salts (3-5), the synthesis of a nitrogen-rich bistriazole (10) and a highly instable diazido derivative (6). In addition, a Curtius degradation could be observed in detail. When possible, the compounds were analyzed by low temperature X-ray diffraction. All measurable compounds were analyzed by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and regarding their sensitivity towards impact and friction according to BAM standard techniques. All promising compounds were evaluated regarding their energetic behavior using the EXPLO5 code (V6.05) and compared to RDX and CL-20. In addition, compound 2 was investigated towards its aquatic toxicity, using the bioluminescent bacteria vibrio fischeri

Investigation and Characterization of Nitrazapropane‐, Oxapropane‐ and Trinitrazaheptane‐Bridged Nitro Esters

In this work, 1,3-dinitroxy-2-nitrazapropane and 1,7-dinitroxy-2,4,6-trinitrazaheptane were synthesized and investigated. Starting from hexamine, the open-chain compounds were prepared by a modified Bachmann procedure which is commonly used for the synthesis of hexogen (RDX) and octogen (HMX). All new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrational analysis and elemental analysis. Their thermal behavior was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sensitivities towards impact (IS) and friction (FS) were determined according to the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) standard method. Their energetic properties, which were determined from the energies of formation at the CBS-4 M level, were calculated using the EXPLO5 computer code. Moreover, 1,3-dinitroxy-2-oxapropane was synthesized and investigated. The various compounds were compared with each other and with the commonly used explosives in terms of their physicochemical properties and detonation behavior

Urazine – a Long Established Heterocycle and Energetic Chameleon

The five‐membered heterocycle urazine is investigated as a useful precursor of energetic materials. A variety of salt and complexes as well as a trinitroethyl derivative is presented. The compounds were thoroughly characterized including their thermal stability and sensitivity values. Furthermore, for potential applications, small‐scale shock reactivity test (SSRT), hot needle, hot plate, and laser ignition tests were performed

Synthesis of Bridged Tetrazoles with Promising Properties and Potential Applications by a One‐Step Finkelstein Reaction

Numerous nitramine bridged compounds which show promising combinations of properties have already been identified in the area of energetic materials. In this work, four new nitrazapropane bridged tetrazoles, as well as four new trinitrazaheptane tetrazoles and three oxapropane bridged tetrazoles were synthesized and fully characterized. These new compounds can all be synthesized by a simple, one-step synthesis using Finkelstein conditions. All of these new energetic materials were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational analysis and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviour of these compounds was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and partly by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The BAM standard method was used to determine the sensitivities towards impact (IS) and friction (FS). The enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS-4M level, and the energetic performances were calculated using the EXPLO5 (V6.06.01) computer code. The properties of the new compounds were compared to each other as well as to the known energetic material RDX. Moreover, the iron(II) and copper(II) perchlorate complexes with 1,3-bis-1,1-tetrazolylnitrazapropane as ligand were prepared and investigated

Cigarette Smoke Specifically Affects Small Airway Epithelial Cell Populations and Triggers the Expansion of Inflammatory and Squamous Differentiation Associated Basal Cells

Smoking is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and causes remodeling of the small airways. However, the exact smoke-induced effects on the different types of small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) are poorly understood. Here, using air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures, single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals previously unrecognized transcriptional heterogeneity within the small airway epithelium and cell type-specific effects upon acute and chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Smoke triggers detoxification and inflammatory responses and aberrantly activates and alters basal cell differentiation. This results in an increase of inflammatory basal-to-secretory cell intermediates and, particularly after chronic smoke exposure, a massive expansion of a rare inflammatory and squamous metaplasia associated KRT6A+ basal cell state and an altered secretory cell landscape. ALI cultures originating from healthy non-smokers and COPD smokers show similar responses to cigarette smoke exposure, although an increased pro-inflammatory profile is conserved in the latter. Taken together, the in vitro models provide high-resolution insights into the smoke-induced remodeling of the small airways resembling the pathological processes in COPD airways. The data may also help to better understand other lung diseases including COVID-19, as the data reflect the smoke-dependent variable induction of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors across SAEC populations.publishe

Погляди вчених на поняття "публічне управління"

Управління – універсальний і необхідний елемент навколишнього нас світу. Публічне управління – це діяльність, яка забезпечує ефективне функціонування системи органів державної влади, регіонального врядування, органів місцевого самоврядування, громадських (неурядових) організацій, фізичних осіб та інших суб'єктів громадянського суспільства з метою реалізації державної політики у найрізноманітніших сферах суспільного життя

FAM3D: A gut secreted protein and its potential in the regulation of glucose metabolism

The number of diabetic patients is rising globally and concomitantly so do the diabetes associated complications. The gut secretes a variety of proteins to control blood glucose levels and/or food intake. As the drug class of GLP-1 agonists is based on a gut secreted peptide and the positive metabolic effects of bariatric surgery are at least partially mediated by gut peptides, we were interested in other gut secreted proteins which have yet to be explored. In this respect we identified the gut secreted protein FAM3D by analyzing sequencing data from L- and epithelial cells of VSG and sham operated as well as chow and HFD fed mice. FAM3D was overexpressed in diet induced obese mice via an adeno-associated virus (AAV), which resulted in a significant improvement of fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The liver lipid deposition was reduced, and the steatosis morphology was improved. Hyperinsulinemic clamps indicated that FAM3D is a global insulin sensitizer and increases glucose uptake into various tissues. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that FAM3D controls blood glucose levels by acting as an insulin sensitizing protein and improves hepatic lipid deposition.ISSN:1873-5169ISSN:0196-978