Flow chart of the study selection process.

<p>Flow chart of the study selection process.</p

Description of the Health Research Classification System.

<p>Description of the Health Research Classification System.</p

Results for studies on clinical algorithms for diagnosis of smear-negative TB in patients presenting with symptoms (“rule-in”) and for screening of HIV-infected individuals (“rule-out”).

a<p>Excluding one that generated an algorithm that was subsequently evaluated in a separate (prediction) dataset.</p>b<p>Additional diagnostic procedures evaluated include bronchoalveolar lavage, nasopharyngeal aspirate, stool culture, fluorescence microscopy, PCR, urinary lipoarabinomannan, microscopic observation of drug susceptibility (MODS), endobroncheal ultrasound, repeat of smear examination after 1 mo.</p>c<p>These studies also assessed effects on health outcomes.</p>d<p>Excluding one multi-country study <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001358#pmed.1001358-Cain1" target="_blank">[65]</a>.</p>e<p>Excluding two multi-country studies <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001358#pmed.1001358-Cain1" target="_blank">[65]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001358#pmed.1001358-Monkongdee1" target="_blank">[66]</a>.</p>f<p>Number of studies evaluating effects on health outcomes.</p

Funding required and available by research component 2011–2015.

<p>Funding required and available by research component 2011–2015.</p

A Patient with MDR-TB Holds the Dose of Drugs He Must Take Every Day

<p>This patient checked into the hospital in November 2006 and in January 2007 he tested negative; if his progress continues, he could be sent home to finish his treatment. (Photo: Jean-Marc Giboux)</p

Results for studies on preventive therapy in HIV-infected individuals and in household contacts.

a<p>For example, comparing patients with positive versus negative tuberculin skin tests.</p>b<p>Including studies that addressed effects on treatment outcomes.</p>c<p>Studies testing a hypothesis about measures to improve treatment completion or adherence.</p>d<p>As specific study objective, no hypothesis testing about measures to improve treatment completion or adherence.</p>e<p>Two multi-country studies situated at locations with different TB incidences and HIV prevalence; one of these in various regions.</p>f<p>Number of studies evaluating effects on health outcomes.</p><p>HAART, highly active antiretroviral treatment.</p

Summary of research priorities identified.

c<p>Denominator N = 191 represents the total number of research priorities identified by all the included studies.</p

Investment in TB R&D by research category: 2005–2009 (from TAG report 2010).

<p>Reproduced with permission.</p

Distribution of published studies on isoniazid preventive therapy of HIV-infected individuals, by geography, objective, and study setting.

<p>Effectiveness studies relate to studies designed to address effectiveness as well as mixed effectiveness-efficacy for health-related outcomes, done in routine or mixed routine-research settings. Delivery studies relate to studies designed to address treatment completion and adherence, practices, and organization of services. Two comparative and two non-comparative delivery studies were also included as effectiveness studies, and two cost-effectiveness studies were also included as delivery studies.</p

Flow chart for selection of articles for isoniazid preventive therapy (a), clinical algorithms for diagnosis/screening of smear-negative pulmonary TB (b), and second-line TB treatment (c).

<p>Flow chart for selection of articles for isoniazid preventive therapy (a), clinical algorithms for diagnosis/screening of smear-negative pulmonary TB (b), and second-line TB treatment (c).</p