Total reported annual human Puumala virus (PUUV) cases in Germany 2001–2012 (all 16 Federal States).

<p>Source: Robert Koch-Institute, SurvStat, <a href="http://www3.rki.de/SurvStat" target="_blank">http://www3.rki.de/SurvStat</a>, data status: 06/27/2014.</p

Mean beech mast intensity of the previous year, bank vole abundance, and human PUUV incidence in Germany 2001–2012.

<p>Bars = mean beech mast intensity of the previous year, solid line = bank vole abundance, and broken line = human PUUV incidence. Values are mean values ± one standard error from 7 Federal States. Upper bold values are beech mast intensity corresponding to bars at the bottom. (PUUV = Puumala virus; TN = trap nights).</p

Classification of tree fructification [43].

<p>Classification of tree fructification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134124#pone.0134124.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>].</p

Demographic Determinants of Residue Profiles of Fungicidal Compounds in Common Voles (<i>Microtus arvalis</i>) under Semi-Natural and Natural Conditions

Environmental risks from plant protection products (PPPs) need to be assessed to ensure safe use. The risk assessments are generally carried out using the common vole as a focal species with conservative theoretical estimates of external exposure. These are then compared to dose-related toxicity endpoints established in toxicity studies, often with laboratory species. The aim of the present study was to determine the actual internal dosimetry of PPPs’ active ingredients (AIs) in a population of common voles to provide the basis for informed higher tier risk assessment. As a proof of concept, two fungicidal AIs (fludioxonil and cyprodinil) were investigated using a range of application methodologies. Individuals were treated using oral gavage application (AI dose: 100/200 mg/kg) and fed treated grass (AI sprayed at 2 kg/ha) under laboratory, semi-natural, and natural conditions. Our results show that demographic factors play a significant role in the individual residue profile and that age structure is a key aspect that determines the overall exposure risk of a population. These results are consistent from laboratory to field conditions. Future approaches could establish dose–residue relationships that are reflective of natural food intake rates in wild common vole populations in the risk assessment of PPPs

Number of notified human PUUV infections per Federal State in Germany from 2001–2012.

<p>Source: Robert Koch-Institute, SurvStat, <a href="http://www3.rki.de/SurvStat" target="_blank">http://www3.rki.de/SurvStat</a>, data status: 06/27/2014.</p><p>Number of notified human PUUV infections per Federal State in Germany from 2001–2012.</p

Additional file 3: of Occurrence and distribution of Giardia species in wild rodents in Germany

Figure S2. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of all SSU rDNA sequence fragments. Unrooted phylogenetic tree comprised of 317 SSU rDNA sequences (277 G. microti, purple clade; 5 G. duodenalis, green clade; 32 G. muris, blue clade and 3 O. intestinalis, red clade). Reference sequences (GenBank accession numbers) of O. intestinalis, G. muris, G. duodenalis and G. microti are included (uncoloured sequence names). Posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are illustrated by black dots (proportionally increasing in size). Sequence names are color coded (colored ranges) according to the rodent host. Further color coding (inner to outer layer) was introduced according to locality [1 to 11: 1 (“Billerbeck”), 2 (“Gotha”), 3 (“Krahnberg”), 4 (“Schaderode”), 5 (“Jeeser”), 6 (“Saal”), 7 (“Kammerforst”), 8 (“Leinawald”), 9 (“Pahnaer Holz”), 10 (“Phönix Ost”), 11 (“Weissach”); see also Additional file 1: Figure S1 and Table 1], season (spring, summer, autumn), habitat (F = “forest”, GL= “grassland”) and year of sample collection (2011, 2012). Maximum likelihood analysis based on PhyML resulted in a similar tree (not shown). (TIFF 2598 kb

Additional file 1: of Occurrence and distribution of Giardia species in wild rodents in Germany

Figure S1. Map of Germany with study sites where wild rodents were captured and sampled. Rodents were captured at 11 study sites that were subdivided into five regions (refer to the color coding) from four German federal states. Please refer to Table 1 for further details on captured animals from each site. (TIFF 780 kb