Patients seen after treatment.

a<p>Identified by microscopy during earlier active disease episode (recorded data).</p>b<p>Microscopic findings in colon or bladder biopsy upon re-visit. DE = degenerated eggs; EO = eosinophilic infiltrates; Negative = normal histology.</p>c<p>Years post exposure = time (years) between last exposure in endemic country and PCR testing.</p>d<p>Number of earlier treatment courses since last exposure.</p>e<p>Time post treatment = time (wk = weeks; y = years) between completion of last treatment course and PCR testing.</p>f<p>Note that 10 mL plasma were processed. 1 copy per PCR mL = 1.67 copies per PCR vial.</p

Patients with Katayama syndrome.

a<p>Days post exposure with fresh water (most likely event).</p>b<p>Days post onset of symptoms.</p>c<p>Days post treatment for second visits.</p>d<p>Leukocyte count (n per nL). Average leukocyte count in patients 1 to 5: first visit, 9.48 cells/nl; second visit, 5.92 cells/nl (p<0.0017).</p>e<p>Percent eosinophiles in total leukocytes. Average eosinophile fraction in patients 1 to 5: first visit, 18.88%; second visit: 3.2% (p<0.033).</p>f<p>Enzyme immunoassay.</p>g<p>Note that 10 mL of plasma were processed. 1 copy per mL = 1.67 copies per PCR vial.</p

Cell-free <i>Schistosoma</i> DNA concentrations after treatment.

<p>DNA concentrations were plotted only for those patients still showing cell-free <i>Schistosoma</i> DNA in plasma after treatment. These data were pooled from patients who had been followed prospectively after being diagnosed with Katayama syndrome, as well as from patients examined retrospectively after concluded treatment. Linear regression analysis yielded the graph equation Y = 2.03−0.02 X. Exponential regression yielded the graph equation Y = e ^∧ −0.02 (X−30.4).</p

Cell-free <i>Schistosoma</i> DNA concentrations in plasma of patients with acute disease (Katayama syndrome) plotted against the days post exposure or post onset of symptoms when the tested samples were taken.

<p>10 mL of plasma were tested for cell-free DNA.</p

DNA copies per mL of pooled mouse plasma (y-axis, four mice per datum point) in mice infected intraperitoneally with 100 cercariae of <i>S. mansoni</i>.

<p>After completion of parasite maturation on day 42, mice were treated orally with praziquantel on day 45 (120 mg per kg). At the indicated times (x-axis), four mice were sacrificed, their blood pooled, and 1 mL of pooled plasma was tested as described in the <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000422#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section for cell-free <i>Schistosoma</i> DNA. The untreated group is marked with an asterisk (*).</p

Patients with chronic disease.

a<p>Note that 10 mL of plasma were processed. 1 copy per mL = 1.67 copies per PCR vial.</p

Overview of specimens collected in Belinga caves and tested by specific BelPV qPCR assay.

<p>Overview of specimens collected in Belinga caves and tested by specific BelPV qPCR assay.</p

High throughput detection of by real-time PCR with internal control system and automated DNA preparation-1

the y-axis. "+" in "cell isolation" means isolation success as confirmed by detection of inclusion bodies upon microscopy. B, box plot analysis of threshold cycle values in real-time PCR positive/conventional negative (n = 32) and real-time PCR positive/conventional PCR positive (n = 38) samples. Difference in threshold cycle values are significant (p < 0.05).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "High throughput detection of by real-time PCR with internal control system and automated DNA preparation"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/77</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():77-77.</p><p>Published online 19 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2397412.</p><p></p

Geographical location of study areas in Ghana.

<p>The study communities are represented by three red dots. The geographic coordinates on the horizontal and vertical regions of the bar show the latitude and longitude coordinates. The red lines show the roads the link the respectively communities.</p

Phylogenetic tree based on a 439-basepair fragment of the polymerase gene (L) of members of the <i>Paramyxoviridae</i> family.

<p>Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in red. Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown; values <0.80 were removed for clarity. The viruses are designated as follows (virus abbreviation/typical host/accession numbers of reference sequences in brackets): HeV  =  Hendra virus, NiV  =  Nipah virus, BatPV  =  Bat paramyxovirus, BeiPV  =  Beilong virus, JPV  = J virus, MosPV  =  Mossman virus, TupPV  =  Tupaia paramyxovirus, NarPV  =  Nariva virus, PDV  =  Phocine distemper virus, CDV  =  Canine distemper virus, CeMV DMV  =  Cetacean morbillivirus strain dolphin morbillivirus, MeV  =  Measles virus, PPRV  =  Peste-des-petits ruminants virus, RPV  =  Rinderpest virus, FdlPV  =  Fer-de-lance virus, PSPV  =  Pacific salmon paramyxovirus, ASPV  =  Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus, SeV  =  Sendai virus, bPIV3  =  Bovine parainfluenza virus 3, hPIV1  =  Human parainfluenza virus 1, hPIV3  =  Human parainfluenza virus 3, SwPIV3  =  Swine parainfluenza virus 3, NDV  =  Newcastle disease virus, PigeonPMV  =  Pigeon paramyxovirus, AMPV9  =  Avian paramyxovirus type 9, AMPV6  =  Avian paramyxovirus type 6, AMPV2  =  Avian paramyxovirus type 2, AMPV3  =  Avian paramyxovirus type 3, AMPV4  =  Avian paramyxovirus type 4, PIV5  =  parainfluenza virus 5, SV41  =  Simian virus 41, MenPV  =  Menangle paramyxovirus, MprPV  =  Mapuera virus, MuV  =  Mumpsvirus, PorPV  =  Porcine rubulavirus, TioPV  =  Tioman paramyxovirus, hPIV2  =  Human parainfluenza virus 2, hMPV  =  Human metapneumovirus, MPV  =  Murine pneumonia virus, bRSV  =  Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, hRSV  =  Human respiratory syncytial virus, APV  =  Avian Pneumovirus, ThkPV-1  =  Tuhoko virus 1, ThkPV-2  =  Tuhoko virus 2, ThkPV-3  =  Tuhoko virus 3.</p