1,102 research outputs found
Observational Artifacts of NuSTAR: Ghost Rays and Stray Light
The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), launched in June 2012,
flies two conical approximation Wolter-I mirrors at the end of a 10.15m mast.
The optics are coated with multilayers of Pt/C and W/Si that operate from 3--80
keV. Since the optical path is not shrouded, aperture stops are used to limit
the field of view from background and sources outside the field of view.
However, there is still a sliver of sky (~1.0--4.0 degrees) where photons may
bypass the optics altogether and fall directly on the detector array. We term
these photons Stray-light. Additionally, there are also photons that do not
undergo the focused double reflections in the optics and we term these Ghost
Rays. We present detailed analysis and characterization of these two components
and discuss how they impact observations. Finally, we discuss how they could
have been prevented and should be in future observatories.Comment: Published in Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and
Systems. Open Access. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.3.4.04400
Broadband X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Crab Nebula and Pulsar with NuSTAR
We present broadband (3 -- 78 keV) NuSTAR X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of
the Crab nebula and pulsar. We show that while the phase-averaged and spatially
integrated nebula + pulsar spectrum is a power-law in this energy band,
spatially resolved spectroscopy of the nebula finds a break at 9 keV in
the spectral photon index of the torus structure with a steepening
characterized by . We also confirm a previously reported
steepening in the pulsed spectrum, and quantify it with a broken power-law with
break energy at 12 keV and . We present spectral
maps of the inner 100\as\ of the remnant and measure the size of the nebula as
a function of energy in seven bands. These results find that the rate of
shrinkage with energy of the torus size can be fitted by a power-law with an
index of , consistent with the predictions of Kennel
and Coroniti (1984). The change in size is more rapid in the NW direction,
coinciding with the counter-jet where we find the index to be a factor of two
larger. NuSTAR observed the Crab during the latter part of a -ray
flare, but found no increase in flux in the 3 - 78 keV energy band
Development of thermally formed glass optics for astronomical hard x-ray telescopes
The next major observational advance in hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray astrophysics will come with the implementation of telescopes capable of focusing 10-200 keV radiation. Focusing allows high signal-to-noise imaging and spectroscopic observations of many sources in this band for the first time. The recent development of depth-graded multilayer coatings has made the design of telescopes for this bandpass practical, however the ability to manufacture inexpensive substrates with appropriate surface quality and figure to achieve sub-arcminute performance has remained an elusive goal. In this paper, we report on new, thermally-formed glass micro-sheet optics capable of meeting the requirements of the next-generation of astronomical hard X-ray telescopes
Dark matter line emission constraints from NuSTAR observations of the Bullet Cluster
Line emission from dark matter is well motivated for some candidates e.g.
sterile neutrinos. We present the first search for dark matter line emission in
the 3-80keV range in a pointed observation of the Bullet Cluster with NuSTAR.
We do not detect any significant line emission and instead we derive upper
limits (95% CL) on the flux, and interpret these constraints in the context of
sterile neutrinos and more generic dark matter candidates. NuSTAR does not have
the sensitivity to constrain the recently claimed line detection at 3.5keV, but
improves on the constraints for energies of 10-25keV.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Ap
W/SiC x-ray multilayers optimized for use above 100 keV
We have developed a new depth-graded multilayer system comprising W and SiC layers, suitable for use as hard x-ray reflective coatings operating in the energy range 100-200 keV. Grazing-incidence x-ray reflectance at E = 8 keV was used to characterize the interface widths, as well as the temporal and thermal stability in both periodic and depth-graded W/SiC structures, whereas synchrotron radiation was used to measure the hard x-ray reflectance of a depth-graded multilayer designed specifically for use in the range E ~150-170 keV. We have modeled the hard x-ray reflectance using newly derived optical constants, which we determined from reflectance versus incidence angle measurements also made using synchrotron radiation, in the range E = 120-180 keV. We describe our experimental investigation in detail, compare the new W/SiC multilayers with both W/Si and W/B4C films that have been studied previously, and discuss the significance of these results with regard to the eventual development of a hard x-ray nuclear line telescope
IC 751: a new changing-look AGN discovered by NuSTAR
We present the results of five NuSTAR observations of the type 2 active
galactic nucleus (AGN) in IC 751, three of which were performed simultaneously
with XMM-Newton or Swift/XRT. We find that the nuclear X-ray source underwent a
clear transition from a Compton-thick () to a Compton-thin () state on timescales of months, which makes
IC 751 the first changing-look AGN discovered by NuSTAR. Changes of the
line-of-sight column density at a level are also found on a
time-scale of hours ().
From the lack of spectral variability on timescales of ks we infer
that the varying absorber is located beyond the emission-weighted average
radius of the broad-line region, and could therefore be related either to the
external part of the broad-line region or a clumpy molecular torus. By adopting
a physical torus X-ray spectral model, we are able to disentangle the column
density of the non-varying absorber () from that of the varying clouds
[], and to constrain that of
the material responsible for the reprocessed X-ray radiation (). We find evidence of significant intrinsic X-ray
variability, with the flux varying by a factor of five on timescales of a few
months in the 2-10 and 10-50 keV band.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 11 pages, 6 figure
Overview of segmented glass optics development for the Constellation-X hard X-ray telescope
We report recent work on segmented glass optics for the Constellation-H hard x-ray telescope. This effort seeks to both improve the figure of the free-standing glass substrates, and to refine a newly-developed mounting technology for the substrates. We discuss metrology on recently characterized glass shells both unmounted and mounted. We also present plans for several prototype optics to be constructed in the upcoming year
Observations of MCG-5-23-16 with Suzaku, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR: Disk tomography and Compton hump reverberation
MCG-5-23-16 is one of the first AGN where relativistic reverberation in the
iron K line originating in the vicinity of the supermassive black hole was
found, based on a short XMM-Newton observation. In this work, we present the
results from long X-ray observations using Suzaku, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
designed to map the emission region using X-ray reverberation. A relativistic
iron line is detected in the lag spectra on three different time-scales,
allowing the emission from different regions around the black hole to be
separated. Using NuSTAR coverage of energies above 10 keV reveals a lag between
these energies and the primary continuum, which is detected for the first time
in an AGN. This lag is a result of the Compton reflection hump responding to
changes in the primary source in a manner similar to the response of the
relativistic iron K line.Comment: Accepted for Publication in Ap
NuSTAR and multifrequency study of the two high-redshift blazars S5 0836+710 and PKS 2149-306
The most powerful blazars are the flat spectrum radio quasars whose emission
is dominated by a Compton component peaking between a few hundred keV and a few
hundred MeV. We selected two bright blazars, PKS 2149-306 at redshift z=2.345
and S5 0836+710 at z=2.172, in order to observe them in the hard X-ray band
with the NuSTAR satellite. In this band the Compton component is rapidly rising
almost up to the peak of the emission. Simultaneous soft-X-rays and UV-optical
observations were performed with the Swift satellite, while near-infrared (NIR)
data were obtained with the REM telescope. To study their variability, we
repeated these observations for both sources on a timescale of a few months.
While no fast variability was detected during a single observation, both
sources were found to be variable in the X-ray band, up to 50%, between the two
observations, with larger variability at higher energies. No variability was
detected in the optical/NIR band. These data together with Fermi-LAT, WISE and
other literature data are then used to study the overall spectral energy
distributions (SEDs) of these blazars. Although the jet non-thermal emission
dominates the SED, it leaves the UV band unhidden, allowing us to detect the
thermal emission of the disc and to estimate the mass of the black hole. The
non-thermal emission is well reproduced by a one-zone leptonic model. The
non-thermal radiative processes are synchrotron, self-Compton and external
Compton using seed photons from both the broad-line region (BLR) and the torus.
We find that our data are better reproduced if we assume that the location of
the dissipation region of the jet, R_diss, is in-between the torus, (at
R_torus), and the BLR (R_torus>R_diss>R_BLR). The observed variability is
explained by changing a minimum number of model parameters by a very small
amount.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
NuSTAR discovery of a cyclotron line in the accreting X-ray pulsar IGR J16393-4643
The high-mass X-ray binary and accreting X-ray pulsar IGR J16393-4643 was
observed by NuSTAR in the 3-79 keV energy band for a net exposure time of 50
ks. We present the results of this observation which enabled the discovery of a
cyclotron resonant scattering feature with a centroid energy of 29.3(+1.1/-1.3)
keV. This allowed us to measure the magnetic field strength of the neutron star
for the first time: B = (2.5+/-0.1)e12 G. The known pulsation period is now
observed at 904.0+/-0.1 s. Since 2006, the neutron star has undergone a
long-term spin-up trend at a rate of P' = -2e-8 s/s (-0.6 s per year, or a
frequency derivative of nu' = 3e-14 Hz/s ). In the power density spectrum, a
break appears at the pulse frequency which separates the zero slope at low
frequency from the steeper slope at high frequency. This addition of angular
momentum to the neutron star could be due to the accretion of a quasi-spherical
wind, or it could be caused by the transient appearance of a prograde accretion
disk that is nearly in corotation with the neutron star whose magnetospheric
radius is around 2e8 cm.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 7 pages, 8
figures, 2 table
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