From the Guest Editors: the legitimacy and impact of business schools—key issues and a research agenda

It is an appropriate moment to review research into the legitimacy and impact of business schools. It is more than a decade now since Pfeffer and Fong's (2002) provocative paper challenging the perceived orthodoxy of business school success in the very first edition of the Academy of Management Learning & Education

Absence of systemic oxidative stress and increased CSF prostaglandin F₂α in progressive MS

Objective: We aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry nonenzymatic (F₂-isoprostanes) and enzymatic oxidation products of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin F₂α [PGF₂α]) in plasma and CSF of 45 controls (other neurologic disease [OND] with no signs of inflammation) and 62 patients with MS. Oxidation products were correlated with disease severity and validated biomarkers of inflammation (chemokine ligand 13; matrix metalloproteinase-9; osteopontin) and axonal damage (neurofilament light protein). Results: Compared with OND controls, plasma concentrations of F₂-isoprostanes and PGF₂α were significantly lower in patients with progressive disease, and decreased with increasing disability score (Expanded Disability Status Scale). In contrast, CSF concentrations of PGF₂α, but not F₂-isoprostanes, were significantly higher in patients with progressive disease than OND controls (p < 0.01). The content of PGF₂α in CSF increased with disease severity (p = 0.044) and patient age (p = 0.022), although this increase could not be explained by age. CSF PGF₂α decreased with natalizumab and methylprednisolone treatment and was unaffected by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in secondary progressive MS. CSF PGF₂α did not associate with validated CSF markers of inflammation and axonal damage that themselves did not associate with the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Conclusions: Our data suggest that MS progression is associated with low systemic oxidative activity. This may contribute to immune dysregulation with CNS inflammation accompanied by increased local cyclooxygenase-dependent lipid oxidation.9 page(s