MOESM1 of High carriage of adherent invasive E. coli in wildlife and healthy individuals

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used for E. coli virulence genes detection

Effect of CS exposure on colonic Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine expression induced by DSS.

<p>Cytokine expression in colon homogenates was determined by real time qPCR analysis and normalized by the β-actin expression. Graph represents the mean of the fold expression of each cytokine with the expression level measured to control animals (no CS exposure, no DSS) used as a reference and set to one. Data are pooled from two independent experiments with a total of 17–20 mice/group; error bars represent SEM. NS, Non significant; Number on the graph represents p value.</p

CS exposure did not modulate the development of colitis induced by DSS in CD1d^−/− mice.

<p>A. Mice body weight changes during induction of colitis. Body weight changes were calculated by dividing body weight on the specified day by the body weight of the starting day (day 0) and expressed in percent (3</p

Effect of CS exposure on NKT cell recruitment.

<p>A. Percentage of iNKT cells (TCRβ⁺ CD1d tetramer⁺) in CD45⁺ cells in the colonic mucosa of mice exposed or not to CS. Colonic tissues of several mice per group (3 to 5 animals) were pooled before cell extraction in order to obtain enough cell for cytometry analysis. On the left: a representative dot plot is shown. Numbers indicate iNKT cell percentage. On the right: Graph represents the mean value ± SEM of the iNKT cell percentage in the colonic mucosa according to CS exposure (n = 32 mice/condition from 3 independent experiments). Number on the graph represents p value. B. Vα14 mRNA expression in the colon as determined by real time qPCR analysis after normalization by the β-actin expression (17</p

Effect of CS exposure on colonic pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression induced by DSS.

<p>Cytokine expression in colon homogenates was determined by real time qPCR analysis and normalized by the β-actin expression. Graph represents the mean of the fold expression of each cytokine with the expression level measured to control animals (no CS exposure, no DSS) used as a reference and set to one. Data are pooled from two independent experiments with a total of 17–20 mice/group; error bars represent SEM. NS, Non significant; Number on the graph represents p value.</p

Effect of CS exposure on neutrophils recruitment and activation induced by DSS colitis.

<p>A. CXCL1/KC and CXCL2/MIP-2 mRNA expression in colon homogenates was determined by real time qPCR analysis and normalized by the β-actin expression. Data are pooled from two independent experiments with a total of 17–20 mice/group; error bars represent SEM. NS, Non significant; Number on the graph represents p value. B. Mean ± SD of neutrophil (CD11c− Ly6G+) percentages of CD45+ cells in the colonic <i>lamina propria</i> (n = 5). NS, non significant<b>.</b> C. Colonic MPO level determined by ELISA. The graph represents the mean ± SD of the final values of MPO level expressed in ng/mg of protein (n = 10). NS, non significant.</p

Effect of CS exposure on clinical parameters of colitis induced by DSS.

<p>A. Overview of the protocol for CS exposure and experimental colitis. Mice were exposed to CS once a day for three weeks using InExpose® System (Scireq Inc). During the third week, mice were fed 2.5% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days. Mice were killed at day 8. B. Mice body weight changes during induction of colitis. Body weight changes were calculated by dividing body weight on the specified day by the weight of the starting day (day 0) and expressed in percent. 25</p

Effect of CS exposure on colonic cytokine expression induced by DSS in Jα18^−/− mice.

<p>Cytokines expression in colon homogenates was determined by real time qPCR analysis and normalized by the β-actin expression. Graph represents the mean of the fold expression of each cytokine with the expression level measured to control animals (no CS exposure, no DSS) used as a reference and set to one. Data are pooled from two independent experiments (11</p

Positions 73, 158 and 166 in the crystal structure of FimH in complex with FimG (pdb id: 3JWN).

<p>Carbon atoms are shown in green for FimH and in violet for FimG. Oxygen atoms are shown in red and nitrogen atoms in blue. The hydrogen bonds are shown in red dashed lines, and close contact in blue dashed lines.</p

Evolution and hotspot mutations in <i>fimH</i> from AIEC and non-AIEC strains.

*<p> <b>χ² P<0.05.</b></p>**<p> <b>χ² P<0.01.</b></p>***<p> <b>2×2 χ² P<0.001 for 3 hotspot mutations in FimH (specific to AIEC) compared to the rest.</b></p