Effects of maternal exposure to vehicle or indomethacin (0.8 mg/kg/day; e15.5–e18.5) on testis weight (A), and penis length (B) at Pnd25 and Pnd75 (adulthood).

<p>Values are means ± SEM for N = 6–20 from a minimum of three litters. ***p<0.0001, in comparison with respective control.</p

Effects of maternal exposure to vehicle or indomethacin (0.8 mg/kg/day; e15.5–e18.5) on bodyweight (A), and anogenital index (B) at Pnd25 and Pnd75 (adulthood).

<p>Values are means ± SEM for N = 6–20 from a minimum of three litters. **p<0.01 in comparison with respective control.</p

Effects of maternal exposure to vehicle or indomethacin (0.8 mg/kg/day) on (A) testicular PGE₂ levels at e17.5 and (B) intra-testicular testosterone content at e17.5.

<p>Values are means ± SEM for N = 5 for the top graph and N = 7–28 for the bottom graph, from a minimum of 3 litters. **p<0.01, in comparison with respective control.</p

Effects of maternal exposure to vehicle or indomethacin (0.8 mg/kg/day; e15.5–e18.5) on serum testosterone levels at Pnd25 and Pnd75 (adulthood).

<p>Values are means ± SEM for N = 4–13 animals from a minimum of two litters.</p

Effects of maternal exposure to vehicle or indomethacin (0.8 mg/kg/day; e15.5–e18.5) on anogenital index (A), bodyweight (B) and testis weight (C) at e21.5.

<p>Values are means ± SEM for N = 7–45 from a minimum of three litters ***p<0.001 in comparison with respective control.</p

Graft survival and total graft weight of human fetal testis xenografts recovered from host mice exposed to either vehicle or DES at six weeks after xenografting.

<p>A) Graft survival (%). B) Total graft weight (mg). Data analysed by unpaired t-test; Mean ± SEM for n = 15, p>0.05.</p

ESR1 expression in human fetal testis and endometrium.

<p>A) Relative <i>ESR1</i> mRNA expression in adult human endometrium compared with human fetal testis (n = 3). w = weeks. Note: data presented on a log-scale. ESR1 protein expression in B) a 20 week gestation ungrafted human fetal testis and human endometrium (positive control; inset.) and C) e21.5 rat fetal testis. SC = seminiferous cords, arrows indicate Leydig cells. Original magnification 20×. Scale bar = 50 µm.</p

Effect of exposure to DES from e13.5–e20.5 on intratesticular testosterone (ITT) at e21.5 in fetal rat testes.

<p>Data is presented as litter means (unpaired t-test, p = 0.004).</p

Effect of exposure to DES on testosterone production by human fetal testis xenografts.

<p>Seminal vesicle weight A) and serum testosterone B) in ungrafted (n = 6) and xenografted (n = 15) mice. Mean ± SEM. Bars with letters in common are not significantly different. Data analysed by unpaired t-test. Base-line variation in seminal vesicle weight C) and serum testosterone D) for host mice xenografted with individual fetuses (n = 6). Mean ± SEM. Data analysed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Effect of <i>in utero</i> exposure of rats to vehicle (control) or dibutyl phthalate (DBP: 500 mg/kg/day) on age-dependent changes in intratesticular testosterone levels per 10⁶ fetal fetal Leydig cells (A), Leydig cell number per testis (B), Leydig cell nuclear volume (C) and Leydig cell cytoplasmic volume (D).

<p>Values in A are Means ± SEM for 5–12 animals at each age (minimum of 3 litters per group). Values in B–D are Means ± SEM for 4–8 animals in each group (minimum of 3 litters per group). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, in comparison with respective controls; other comparisons are indicated by capped lines.</p