Target and Measured DIC and Total Alkalinity.

<p>The target and measured values of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in μmol kg^-1. The 1:1 line represents if our measured measured values were exactly aligned with the target values.</p

Proportion Normal Shell Development.

<p>The proportion of normally developed shells in relation to (A) P_CO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ω_aragonite. Greyscale symbols denote Ω_ar treatments in panels A and B, and the star is the control treatment. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate BOD bottles per treatment. See text for fit of model noted on panel C.</p

Comparisons Among Respiration Treatments.

<p>Respiration rates presented on a bar graph showing pairwise comparisons across all treatments, with the common line over values representing no significant difference. Error bars are standard errors. Note that values are arranged in increasing pH along the x-axis, and P_CO2 and Ω_ar are included for each treatment. All values are in units previously noted.</p

Normal Shell Length.

<p>Shell length of normally developed larvae (48 hours post fertilization and exposure) in relation to (A) P_CO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ω_aragonite. Greyscale symbols denote Ω_ar treatments in panels A and B, and the star indicates control data. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate BOD bottles per treatment. See text for fit of model noted on panel C.</p

Experimental Carbonate Chemistry Treatments.

<p>Carbonate chemistry treatments of Ω_ar and P_CO2 (μatm), with pH (total) isopleths to illustrate the relationship among the three variables in the experiments. Grey circles are the actual treatment values, and star indicates the treatment chemistry of the control (freshly collected seawater bubbled with CO₂-reduced air for 24 hours).</p

Complete Carbonate Chemistry.

<p>Experimental salinity and temperature were 31 and 18^°C, respectively. Primary treatment levels for saturation state and P_CO2 are noted in the left two columns. Total alkalinity (Talk), Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃), Carbonate ion (CO₃) are all reported in μmol kg^-1. P_CO2 is in μatm. Treatment (trt) combinations in bold indicate those used for the respiration rate measurements. Asterisk denotes a preservation problem with this sample, and therefore P_CO2 was greatly elevated relative to the initial treatment. The control was freshly seawater bubbled with CO₂-reduced air for 24 hours.</p><p>Carbonate chemistry of experimental treatments and control.</p

Initiation of Larval Feeding.

<p>The proportion of larvae feeding 44 hours post-fertilization and exposure in relation to (A) P_CO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ω_aragonite. Greyscale symbols denote P_CO2 treatments in panels B and C. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate experimental containers per treatment. Bold value on panel B indicates the significant linear relationship between pH and initiation of feeding for the high P_CO2 treatment. As noted in the text, the removal of this high P_CO2 treatment results in extremely poor fit of the response to pH.</p

Shell Development ANOVA Table.

<p>The magnitude of the factor effect is estimated by η², a measure of relative importance of parameters in the model calculated by SS_effect/SS_total.</p><p>Analysis of variance of shell development data in response to the primary factors in the experiment, Ω_ar and P_CO2.</p