Phylogenetic analysis of avipoxvirus from British birds based on the 4b core protein.

<p>Neighbor-joining phylogram with bootstrap values (1000 replicates) of >90% shown. Sequences derived in this study are indicated with an asterisk. Details of avian pox isolates from UK non-Paridae species are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040176#pone.0040176.s006" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. Details of Genbank listed avian pox isolates are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040176#pone.0040176.s007" target="_blank">Table S3</a>. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site.</p

Spatial distribution and clustering patterns of avian pox in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts, 2006–2010.

<p>Maps showing the spatial distribution of avian pox in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts in each year of the study, as well as the results of K-function analysis to detect clustering of pox cases. Standardised K values (L<i>(d)</i> values, solid line) are presented as a function of increasing distance (0 to 350 km), and in relation to the 95% null simulation envelope (dotted lines). The location and spatial extent of statistically significant pox clusters accounting for heterogeneity in reporting rate (determined from SatScan spatial cluster analysis using county human household numbers as the background population) are shown by orange circles. Counties encompassed within clusters are shaded in red. Also shown are the log-likelihood ratio (LLR), the relative risk of infection (RR) and the significance (P value) of each of the identified SatScan clusters. Note that while pox cases were assigned to their county of origin for this analysis, they are plotted on these maps at their actual locations.</p

Transmission electron micrograph of avian pox virions from a skin lesion in a great tit (Case 4, Sussex, October 2007).

<p>Transmission electron micrograph of avian pox virions from a skin lesion in a great tit (Case 4, Sussex, October 2007).</p

Typical avian pox lesions in a great tit at a garden feeding station (Sussex, September 2007).

<p>Typical avian pox lesions in a great tit at a garden feeding station (Sussex, September 2007).</p

Seasonality of avian pox incidents in Paridae and non-Paridae species, 2007–2010.

<p>In 2006, a single suspect Paridae incident was reported in January and a second in August; all five non-Paridae incidents were reported from July to September inclusive.</p

Spatio-temporal clustering of avian pox infections in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts from 2006 to 2010.

<p>Maps showing locations of avian pox incidents in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts in each year of the study, along with the locations and spatial extent of significant (P<0.05) spatiotemporal clusters detected by the space-time permutation scan statistic model. The temporal extent of clusters is given in the tables below the maps.</p