16 research outputs found
Development and Evaluation of Media Literacy Program on Health Products: A Case Study of Dietary Supplements in High School Students
āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļ āđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļ āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāđāļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļāļāļāļĨāļēāļĒ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļāļĩāđ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ āđāļāđāđāļāļ§āļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĢāļđāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļģāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļđāđ 4 āđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļąāļāļāļģāļĨāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāđāļāļĨāļÂŪ āļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļŦāđāļĨāļ° 1 āļāļēāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļĢāļ§āļĄ 4 āļāļēāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļāļĩāđ 2 āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļĨāļāļ āđāļāļĒāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄ 37 āļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļāļĨāļāļ 32 āļāļ āđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļĒāļĄ 5 āļāļēāļāļŠāļāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļģāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ (āļāđāļāļāļāļāļĨāļāļ) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļ 1 āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļŦāđ āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļģāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļāļĨāļāļ) āļāļĩāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļ§āļĒāļŠāļāļīāļāļī paired t-test āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļĨāļāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļāļīāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļĒāđāļāļīāļāđāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļŠāļāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļĒāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĻ āļāļ°āđāļāļ GPA āļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļāļĨāļāļāļŠāļđāļāļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī (10.56 Âą 1.58 āđāļĨāļ° 8.06 Âą 1.52 āļāļ°āđāļāļ, āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ, P-value < 0.001) āđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļąāđāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļ āļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī (10.56 Âą 1.58 āđāļĨāļ° 6.54 Âą 2.39 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ, P-value < 0.001) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāđāļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĄāļąāļāļĒāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļķāđāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŊ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļ, āđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āđāļ, āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāđāļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢ, āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļāļāļāļĨāļēāļĒObjective: To develop and test a media literacy program on health products emphasizing dietary supplements in high school students. Methods: The 1st phase was the media literacy program development based on the concept of media literacy and educational trilogy. Learning activities plans were developed as guided by the information obtained from focus group of the teachers and students. Four learning plans were developed and placed on FlashÂŪ program. Learning was conducted with 4 weekly sessons. The 2nd phase evalued the efficiency of the program. A total of 37 and 32 5th grade high school students from 2 schools participated in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Students from both groups complete the test of media literacy before the program. One week later, students in the experimental group took the program. After the program completion, students in both groups complete the test. Data were analyzed using paired test for within-group comparisons, and multiple linear regression controlling for gender, cumulative GPA, and pre-test scores. Results: Mean score of media literacy of students in the experimental group after the program increased significantly from that before the program (10.56 Âą 1.58 and 8.06 Âą 1.52 points, respectively, P-value < 0.001); while scores in the control group did not. After the program, mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (10.56 Âą 1.58 and 6.54 Âą 2.39 points, respectively, P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Media literacy program on dietary supplements improved media lieracy scores for high school students when compared with no program. Keywords: media literacy, media literacy program, dietary supplements, high school student
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Viral Suppression of Perinatally Infected Thai Adolescents Living with HIV/AIDS in Lower North-Eastern Region
Objective: To explore prevalence of viral suppression and to identifyfactors associated with viral suppression among perinatally infected Thaiadolescents living HIV/AIDS (ALWHs) in Lower North-Eastern Region,Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Questionnaires and clinicaldata collection form were employed to collect data from perinatally infectedThai ALWHs at immunology clinic of public hospitals in Surin, Buriram andRoiet province from January â April 2014. Data were analyzed withdescriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results: A total of 245perinatally Thai ALWHs from 21 hospital sites were included into study.There were 11, 7 and 3 sites from Surin, Buriram and Roiet province,respectively. The majority of them were female (57.55%), mean age was15-year-old (15.41 2.41), studying at school (76.73%), and not having acaregiver (62.45%). The prevalence of viral suppression was 85.31%.Factors significantly associated with viral suppression were adherence levelâĨ 95% (OR = 12.73; 95%CI = 5.01 â 32.40), CD4 level more than 600cell/ml. (OR = 11.10; 95%CI = 3.70 â 33.25) and CD4 level 401 - 600cell/ml. (OR = 6.20; 95%CI = 1.92 â 20.00). Conclusions: Viralsuppression was found in 85.31% of perinatally infected Thai ALWHs inLower North-Eastern Region, Thailand. Factors associated with viralsuppression were adherence to ART and CD4 level.Keywords: viral suppression, adolescents, HIV/AIDS, adherenc
āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļāļļāļĄāļāļ āļ āļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļĒāļē Operational Performance of Medicine Procurement in Community Hospital under Price Control Mechanism using Medicine Estimated Cost
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļ (1) āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļĒāļē (2) āļāļļāļāļ āļēāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļĒāļē (3) āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĒāļē (4) āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļķāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļŠāļēāļ āđāļĒāļāđāļāđāļ 2 āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļĐāļāļĩāļĒāđ āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļķāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļ·āļ āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļāļļāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļŦāļāļ·āļāļāļāļāļāļ āđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļēāļ°āļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāļāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļąāđāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđāļĄāđāļĨāļ·āļāļ āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āđāļāļ§āļāļģāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļĐāļāļĩāļĒāđ āđāļāļĒāļāļģāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļŠāđāļāļĨāļāđāļē 1 - 5 āļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļŠāļāļīāļāļīāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļĢāļāļāļē āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļąāđāļ 2 āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°] āļāļāļ§āđāļē āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦāđ (1) āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļĒāļēāđāļāđ 90 - 95% āļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļĒāļēāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨ (2) āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĄāļąāđāļāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāđ 3.75 āļāļēāļāđāļāđāļĄ 5 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāļāļāļĩāđ 3.10 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļĒāļēāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļĄāļāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļĒ āļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļ§āļāļĢāļēāļ§ āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ (3) āļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļāļēāđāļāđ 3.63 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđ 4.05 āļāļ°āđāļāļ (4) āļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāļāļāļĩāđ 3.32 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđ āļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđ āļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļ§āļāļĢāļēāļ§ āđāļĄāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļāļļāļ āļąāļāļāđ āđāļĄāđāļĒāļ·āļāļŦāļĒāļļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĨāđāļāļāļĨāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ§āđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āđāļ āļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļķāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļāļĩāđ 3.56 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļŠāļīāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļķāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļĒāļāļāđāļ āļāļģāđāļŦāđāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļĒāļēāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĩ āđāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļāļģāđāļāļŠāļđāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļāļĩ āđāļāđāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļĢāļēāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļĒāļē, āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļē, āļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļē, āđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļāļļāļĄāļāļÂ Abstract Objective: To determine the operational performance of medicine procurement under price control mechanism using medical estimated cost in 4 dimensions, namely91) access to medication (i.e., ability to provide medicines for patients), (2) medication quality and safety, (3) medication prices, and (4) pharmacistâs satisfaction. Methods: Based on a mixed method design, 2 phases were used: a focus group discussion and a questionnaire mail survey using questions developed from information from the focus group. Participants in both phases were hospital pharmacists responsible for medicine procurement. Specifically, those from hospitals in upper north region and those in all community hospitals nationwide were participants in phases 1 and 2 respectively. Participants in phase 1 were selected purposively. Study instruments were probe questions for phase 1 and postal questionnaires based on information from phase 1 for phase 2. Response format for survey questionnaire was a scale raning from 1 to 5. Results were presented as descriptive statistics. Results: Estimated cost offered (1) ability to provide 90 - 95% of medications in hospital medicine list. (2) Pharmacists were very confident with the medicine quality (3.75 out of 5 points). Medication safety problem was found at a moderate level (3.10 points), e.g., look-alike sound-alike drugs, shortage of medicines, quality problem, and patientsâ perception. (3) Estimated cost could control medication expenses (3.63 points) and make procurement costs very appropriate (4.05 points). (4) Satisfaction was at a moderate level (3.32 points) due to late procurement, inability to procure the products, shortage of supply, poor coverge of some package types, inflexibility to market mechanism, and limited buying options. Satisfaction towards procurement control using estimated cost was at a high level (3.56 points). Conclusion: Medicine procurement control using estimated cost should be followed. It allows hospitals to obtain good quality products with affordable prices. However, it still could cause certain safety and procurement problems. Keywords: medicine estimated cost, medicine procurement operational performance, price control, community hospita
Leftover Drugs and Drug Use Behavior of People in Chiang Mai Province
Objective: To determine type, volume and value of leftover drugs, anddrug use behavior of people in Chiang Mai province. Method: This crosssectionaldescriptive study collected data by interviewing adults (âĨ 18years) residing in Chiang Mai province. Multi-stage sampling was used toselect 420 individuals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics andrelationship between having leftover drugs and associating factors wastested by logistic regression. Results: Of 420 individual interviewed, 253(88.5%) had complete information for determining leftover drug problem.The most found leftover drugs included tablets of hydrochlorothiazide 50mg, aspirin 81 mg, enalapril 5 mg, simvastatin 10 mg and glibenclamide 5mg. Collective value of leftover drugs was 57,132.82 baht (based onstandard charge price) with an average of 225.82 baht/person. Reasons forhaving leftover drugs were drug over supply, missing doses, dose selfadjusting,unscheduled follow-up visit, and drug-related problems. Morethan 90% received chronic disease care from a sole healthcare setting.70.4% stored their drugs properly. Improper drug storages included keepingseveral drugs in the same package, unclean storage, exposure to the lightand heat, and expired drugs. Factors significantly associating with havingleftover drugs included having no job/retired and number of chronic illness.Conclusion: A large proportion of people in Chiang Mai province hadleftover drugs with an improper storage problem and inadequate advice onthe issue. A proactive advice could lessen resource waste and betterhealthcare management system.Keywords: leftover drugs, drug use behavior, value of leftover drug
Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about disease and medicine of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS at Surin Hospital
Objective: Objective: To explore knowledge, attitudes and beliefs aboutdisease and medication in the perspective of adolescents living withHIV/AIDS (ALWHs) and receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Methods: Aqualitative research using focus group discussion and in-depth interview toexplore the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of ALWHs followed up atimmunology clinic of Surin hospital, Thailand from March to May 2013 withthe questions guided by constructs of the Explanatory Model (EM), theHealth Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).Data were analyzed by content analysis. Results: Twenty ALWHsparticipated in 3-rounded focus group discussions and an individualinterview. According to the HBM, the findings showed that the ALWHsperceived that HIV/AIDS was an incurable disease, and ART was the onlytreatment which also helped them get stronger. Based on the informationobtained, ALWHs were classified into two groups according to their age;early (aged 10 to 15 years) and middle adolescents (aged 16 to 18 years).The obvious difference was the middle adolescents were able to explaintheir answers in detail while most of the early adolescents had unclear andbasic answers. Regarding to the perceived barriers, pill size and sideeffectsof ARV drugs were the first concern when they had the ARV drugresistance. Barriers to taking ARV drugs regularly were transportation tothe hospital, physical properties of ARV drugs, their daily activities, andunavailability of adherence aids. Their family was the strongest influence ontheir normative belief. Conclusion: Middle ALWHs had clearer and deeperexplanations about HIV/AID disease and medications than earlycounterparts. Their perceptions according to HBM were in high level. Theirfamily members played major roles on their adherence to ARV therapy.Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, adolescents, HIV/AID
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Hyptis suaveolens Essential Oil
The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens obtained by steam distillation was examined for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was determined by means of the DPPH radical scavenging test and ABTS free radical decolorization assay. Results from both methods indicate that the antioxidant activity of H. suaveolens oil is time and concentration dependent. The antioxidant potential of H. suaveolens oil determined by the DPPH method expressed as IC50 was 3.72 mg/ml whereas the TEAC value determined by the ABTS assay was 65.02 ÂĩM/mg. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was assessed by the dilution and well diffusion methods. The results show that the antifungal potential of H. suaveolens oil is more pronounced than its antibacterial properties. Its fungal growth inhibitory activity was dose dependent with a MID value of 1:640. The 20% ethanolic solution of H. suaveolens oil had antifungal power similar to 6% boric acid, 2% benzoic acid, or 5% salicylic acid but higher than 4% phenol. The activity decreased when the oil was stored at high temperature (> 40°C). The results of GC-MS analysis indicated the changes in oil composition which led to the decrease in antifungal activity
Isolation of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds from Lithocarpus elegans (BI.) Hatus, ex soep. By electrocoagulation
The isolation of certain pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds from the bark of Lithocarpus elegans by electrocoagulation treatment was innovated and studied to increase the utility of this technique. Lupeol (1) and betulinic acid (3) were identified in the electrocoagulated bark extract of Lithocarpus elegans while betulin (2), found in the untreated extract, was absent
Extraction and identification of antioxidants in the bark of Lithocarpus elegans (BI.) Hatus. ex soep
Electrocoagulation and recovery of tannins from tree barks
The potential of electrocoagulation technique was investigated as a method of recovering or enriching phenolic compounds from the crude aqueous solution of tree bark extractive. The recovery method involved dissolving the coagulum in a dilute acid solution and extracting with an alcohol. Phenolic substances from selected tree barks were coagulated electrolytically and subsequently recovered as concentrated phenolic extracts with overall increase in antioxidant activity
Electrocoagulation in aqueous alcoholic solutions
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This new book gathers new and important research from around the globe