The Enhanced metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with sorafenib resistance

Acquired resistance towards sorafenib treatment was found in HCC patients, which results in poor prognosis. To investigate the enhanced metastatic potential of sorafenib resistance cells, sorafenib-resistant (SorR) cell lines were established by long-term exposure of the HCC cells to the maximum tolerated dose of sorafenib. Cell proliferation assay and qPCR of ABC transporter genes (ABCC1-3) were first performed to confirm the resistance of cells. Migration and invasion assays, and immunoblotting analysis on the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulatory proteins were performed to study the metastatic potential of SorR cells. The expression of CD44 and CD133 were studied by flow cytometry and the gene expressions of pluripotency factors were studied by qPCR to demonstrate the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in SorR cells. Control (CTL) and SorR cells were also injected orthotopically to the livers of NOD-SCID mice to investigate the development of lung metastasis. Increased expressions of ABCC1-3 were found in SorR cells. Enhanced migratory and invasive abilities of SorR cells were observed. The changes in expression of EMT regulatory proteins demonstrated an activation of the EMT process in SorR cells. Enriched proportion of CD44+ and CD44+CD133 + cells were also observed in SorR cells. All (8/8) mice injected with SorR cells demonstrated lung metastasis whereas only 1/8 mouse injected with CTL cells showed lung metastasis. HCC cells with sorafenib resistance demonstrated a higher metastatic potential, which may be due to the activated EMT process. Enriched CSCs were also demonstrated in the sorafenib resistant cells. This study suggests that advanced HCC patients with acquired sorafenib resistance may have enhanced tumor growth or distant metastasis, which raises the concern of long-term sorafenib treatment in advanced HCC patients who have developed resistance of sorafenib. © 2013 Chow et al.published_or_final_versio

High Expression of a Cancer Stemness-Related Gene, Chromobox 8 (CBX8), in Normal Tissue Adjacent to the Tumor (NAT) Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer Patients

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that the molecular profile of normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT) is prognostic for recurrence in patients with different cancers. This study investigated the clinical significance of CBX8 gene expression, a cancer stemness-related gene, in tumor and NAT tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods: The gene level of CBX8 in paired CRC and NAT specimens from 95 patients was determined by quantitative PCR. CBX8 protein level in CRC and NAT specimens from 66 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. CBX8 gene and protein levels were correlated with the patients’ clinicopathological parameters and circulatory immune cell profiles. The association between CBX8 and pluripotency-associated genes was analyzed using the TCGA database. Results: NAT CBX8 gene level positively correlated with TNM stage, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, indicating its association with tumor progression and metastasis. There was no correlation between NAT CBX8 protein level and clinicopathological parameters. Moreover, a high level of CBX8 gene and protein in NAT both correlated with poor DFS and OS. There was an inverse correlation between CBX8 gene level and post-operative platelet counts and platelet to lymphocyte level, suggesting its association with systematic inflammation. Finally, TCGA analysis showed that CBX8 level was correlated with a couple of pluripotency-associated genes, supporting its association with cancer stemness. Conclusions: High NAT CBX8 is a poor prognostic factor for tumor progression and survival in CRC patients

CD26 Induces Colorectal Cancer Angiogenesis and Metastasis through CAV1/MMP1 Signaling

CD26 has been reported as a marker for colorectal cancer stem cells endowed with tumor-initiating properties and capable of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of CD26 on CRC angiogenesis and metastasis, and the potential underlying mechanism. The functional effects of CD26 overexpression or repression were determined by a wound healing experiment, and cell migration and invasion assays in vitro and in mouse models. Differentially expressed genes regulated by CD26 were identified by genome-wide mRNA expression array and validated by quantitative PCR. CD26 functionally regulated CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro and angiogenesis and metastasis in vivo. Genome-wide mRNA expression array and qPCR showed that MMP1 was up-regulated in CD26+ subpopulation, and a subsequent experiment demonstrated the regulatory effect of CD26 on MMP1 in CRC cell lines with CD26 repression or overexpression. Furthermore, overexpression of CAV1 abrogated the CD26-regulated MMP1 induction in CRC cell lines. This study demonstrated the functional roles of CD26 in inducing CRC migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis and identified the potential involvement of MMP1 and CAV1 in such process. CD26 is an attractive therapeutic target for combating tumor progression to improve the prognosis of CRC patients

Enriched CSCs subpopulation in SorR cells.

<p>A) Harvested CTL and SorR cells derived from PLC/PRF/5, MHCC97L and HepG2 cells were stained with CD44 (FITC) and CD133 (APC) antibodies and 20000 cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The percentage of cells was indicated in each quadrant. B) Total RNA from CTL and SorR cells were extracted to perform the qPCR analysis of Lin28, Oct4, Nanog, Msi1 and SOX2. Data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p<0.05 vs. CTL cells by one-way ANOVA.</p

Higher metastatic potential of SorR cells in an orthotopic model.

<p>CTL and SorR cells derived from PLC/PRF/5 cells were injected under the capsule of the left liver lobe. A) Under anesthesia, bioluminance signal produced by the injected cells were measured to study the tumor size at week 2, 4 and 6. B) Mice were sacrificed at week 6, bioluminance signal from primary tumor were detected to quantify the tumor size. C) Lung were isolated and bioluminance signal demonstrated the presence of injected cells which represents lung metastasis. D) Representing IHC staining of Ki-67 (left panel) and H&E staining (right panel) the lung sections obtained from CTL and SorR group (magnification: 100x and 400x). E) Representing H&E staining (first row), IHC staining of Ki-67 (second row) and IHC staining of CD44 (third row) of adjacent liver and primary tumor obtained from CTL and SorR group (magnification: 400x). F) The scoring of IHC staining of CD44 and Ki67 based on the percentage and intensity of the positively stained cells under high power (400x) microscopy was performed. Data are presented as means ± SD from 8 mice in each group. *p<0.05 vs. CTL cells by one-way ANOVA.</p

Enhanced cellular migration and invasion with activated EMT process of SorR cells.

<p>CTL and SorR cells derived from PLC/PRF/5, MHCC97L and HepG2 cells were plated in top chambers to perform the migration and invasion assay. A) Representing images of the migrated cells under a phase-contrast microscopy (magnification: 100x) were shown in the left panel and the number of migrated cells was counted and presented in the right panel. B) Representing images of the invaded cells under a phase-contrast microscopy (magnification: 100x) were shown in the left panel and the number of invaded cells was counted and presented in the right panel. Data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p<0.05 vs. CTL cells by one-way ANOVA. C) Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated the change in total protein expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail. The expression level of β-actin was used as loading control. D) Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated the change in protein expression of β-catenin, Smad2 and Smad3 from the nuclear fraction. The expression of nuclear matrix protein p84 was used as loading control.</p

Establishment of SorR cells using HCC cell lines.

<p>PLC/PRF/5, MHCC97L and HepG2 cells were cultured at maximal tolerated dose of sorafenib to obtain the CTL and SorR cells derived from each cell line. A) CTL and SorR cells were cultured at 0–14 µM sorafenib and MTT assay was performed 72 hours after treatment. B) Total RNA from CTL and SorR cells were extracted to perform the qPCR analysis of ABCC1, ABCC2 and ABCC3. C) Representing images of CTL and SorR cells under a phase-contrast microscopy (magnification: 400x). D) CTL and SorR cells were stained with phalloidin (red) and counterstained by DAPI (blue). Representing images of CTL and SorR cells under a fluorescence microscopy (magnification: 400x). Cellular protrusions were indicated by arrows. Data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p<0.05 vs. CTL cells by one-way ANOVA.</p

IC₅₀ of CTL and SorR cells towards sorafenib treatment.

<p>IC₅₀ of CTL and SorR cells towards sorafenib treatment.</p

The Clinicopathological Significance of miR-133a in Colorectal Cancer

This study determined the expression of microRNA-133a (MiR-133a) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and adjacent normal mucosa samples and evaluated its clinicopathological role in CRC. The expression of miR-133a in 125 pairs of tissue samples was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and correlated with patient's clinicopathological data by statistical analysis. Endogenous expression levels of several potential target genes were determined by qRT-PCR and correlated using Pearson's method. MiR-133a was downregulated in 83.2% of tumors compared to normal mucosal tissue. Higher miR-133a expression in tumor tissues was associated with development of distant metastasis, advanced Dukes and TNM staging, and poor survival. The unfavorable prognosis of higher miR-133a expression was accompanied by dysregulation of potential miR-133a target genes, LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 (LASP1), Caveolin-1 (CAV1), and Fascin-1 (FSCN1). LASP1 was found to possess a negative correlation (γ=-0.23), whereas CAV1 exhibited a significant positive correlation (γ=0.27), and a stronger correlation was found in patients who developed distant metastases (γ=0.42). In addition, a negative correlation of FSCN1 was only found in nonmetastatic patients. In conclusion, miR-133a was downregulated in CRC tissues, but its higher expression correlated with adverse clinical characteristics and poor prognosis. © 2014 Timothy Ming-Hun Wan et al.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Over-Expression of miR-106b Promotes Cell Migration and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process

<div><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one the the most fatal cancers worldwide. The poor prognosis of HCC is mainly due to the developement of distance metastasis. To investigate the mechanism of metastasis in HCC, an orthotopic HCC metastasis animal model was established. Two sets of primary liver tumor cell lines and corresponding lung metastasis cell lines were generated. <i>In vitro</i> functional analysis demonstrated that the metastatic cell line had higher invasion and migration ability when compared with the primary liver tumor cell line. These cell lines were subjected to microRNA (miRNAs) microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed miRNAs which were associated with the developement of metastasis <i>in vivo</i>. Fifteen human miRNAs, including miR-106b, were differentially expressed in 2 metastatic cell lines compared with the primary tumor cell lines. The clinical significance of miR-106b in 99 HCC clinical samples was studied. The results demonstrated that miR-106b was over-expressed in HCC tumor tissue compared with adjacent non-tumor tissue (p = 0.0005), and overexpression of miR-106b was signficantly correlated with higher tumor grade (p = 0.018). Further functional studies demonstrated that miR-106b could promote cell migration and stress fiber formation by over-expressing RhoGTPases, RhoA and RhoC. <i>In vivo</i> functional studies also showed that over-expression of miR-106b promoted HCC metastasis. These effects were related to the activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our results suggested that miR-106b expression contributed to HCC metastasis by activating the EMT process promoting cell migration <i>in vitro</i> and metastasis <i>in vivo</i>.</p> </div