Evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding with transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy in perimenopausal women

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as any deviation from the normal menstrual cycle this include change in regularity, frequency of menses, duration or amount of bleeding during or in between periods. Objective of present study was to evaluate abnormal uterine bleeding with transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy in perimenopausal women.Methods: This study is conducted on women presenting to the gynecological OPD with complain of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age group. A total of 50 patients were subjected to transvaginal sonography and Diagnostic hysteroscopy.Results: On TVS, out of total 50 patients, 50% patient showed normal endometrial finding. 24% Patient showed Endometrial hyperplasia, 14% Endometrial Polyp, 8% Submucosal fibroid, 4% Adenomyosis. On TVS, out of total 50 patient, 50% patient showed normal endometrial finding. 24% Patient showed endometrial hyperplasia, 14% endometrial Polyp, 8% submucosal fibroid, 4% adenomyosis. Out of total 50 patients, 28 (56%) showed normal endometrial finding.20% cases showed endometrial Hyperplasia, 16% showed endometrial Polyp, 8% showed submucosal fibroid. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of endometrial hyperplasia – 81.81%, 92.3%, 75%, 94.73% respectively.Conclusions: Transvaginal sonography has a moderate diagnostic accuracy in detecting endometrial hyperplasia and other intrauterine pathology. TVS is safe, acceptable and easily available & is noninvasive. It should be used as 1st line diagnostic tool in patients with AUB in perimenopausal women. Hysteroscopy has important tool in the diagnosis of various endometrial and intrauterine lesions TVS and hysteroscopy should be employed hand in hand in evaluation of AUB

Structure Properties correlation in copolymers of Methyl Methacrylate and Alkyl Methacrylates

The result of a study on the copolymerisation of methacrylate (MMA) with varying mol fractions of octyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate (DMA), lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA) by free radical polymerisation using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator are presented. It was anticipated that incorporation of alkyl methacrylate (AMA) having a long alkyl side chain in poly(methyl methadrylate) (PMMA) backbone may lead to an improvement in the toughness of the cast sheets. Such copolymers can be used for low temperature applications in defence. The glass transition temperature of the polymers determined using differential scanning calorimetry was found to decrease with increase in length of the alkyl side chain and the comonomer content. A significant increase in percentage elongation and decrease in tensile strength, modulus and per cent transmittance was observed on incorporation of AMA in PMMA backbone. In the copolymers of SMA and MMA, significant opacity was observed

Maternal and fetal outcome in epidural analgesia study

Background: Labour is a highly complex event. Labour may be the most painful experience many women ever encounter. The objective of this study was to study the maternal and fetal outcome in epidural analgesia.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 60 pregnant women. The study group (n = 60) consist of group A (epidural analgesia, n = 60) and group B (control, n = 30).Results: The maternal and fetal outcome in group A and group B were not statistically significant. Mean duration of first stage of labour (minute) was significantly lower in group A as compared to group B (p value <0.001). The duration of second stage of labour was prolonged in group A as compared to group B (p value 0.0137). The modes of delivery (normal, instrumental delivery, LSCS) were not statistically significant in both the groups. The neonatal outcome (Apgar score at 1 minute and 5 minutes) were statistically similar in both groups (P value = 0.569).Conclusions: Epidural analgesia is safe and effective to relieve the labour pain. It has no adverse maternal and fetal outcome. Patients are very comfortable and happy after epidural analgesia

Excellent impact strength of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer toughened polycarbonate

The intrinsic notch sensitivity of polycarbonate (PC) demands improvement in the notched impact strength for a variety of applications. Blends of PC/ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymer of different compositions were prepared by melt blending using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The notched izod impact strength of PC/EMA blends showed a positive blending effect and increased 381% with incorporation of a very little amount of EMA (5%) with a marginal decrease in the tensile strength of PC. Tensile data was also analyzed by using predictive theories. Incorporation of EMA decreases the glass transition temperature of PC and facilitates its processing. Scanning electron micrographs of cryogenically fractured samples after etching were used to study the phase structure. A two phase morphology was seen with a fine dispersion of rubber granules in the PC matrix. On the other hand, the impact fractured surface of PC/EMA blends indicated debonding of EMA particles, leaving hemispherical bumps, indicating inadequate interfacial adhesion between PC and EMA

Designing of epoxy composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes grown carbon fiber fabric for improved electromagnetic interference shielding

In this letter, we report preparation of strongly anchored multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) carbon fiber (CF) fabric preforms. These preforms were reinforced in epoxy resin to make multi scale composites for microwave absorption in the X-band (8.2-12.4GHz). The incorporation of MWCNTs on the carbon fabric produced a significant enhancement in the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) from -29.4 dB for CF/epoxy-composite to -51.1 dB for CF-MWCNT/epoxy multiscale composites of 2 mm thickness. In addition to enhanced EMI-SE, interlaminar shear strength improved from 23 MPa for CF/epoxy-composites to 50 MPa for multiscale composites indicating their usefulness for making structurally strong microwave shields. Copyright 2012 Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licens

Barium ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for effective electromagnetic interference shielding

There is an increased interest in the development of high performance microwave shielding materials against electromagnetic pollution in recent years. Barium ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide (BaFe12O19@RGO) nanocomposite was synthesized by a high energy ball milling technique and its electromagnetic properties were investigated in the frequency range of 12.4-18 GHz (Ku band). The results showed that barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles with an average particle size of 20-30 nm were well distributed and firmly anchored onto the surface of the reduced graphene oxide sheets. The obtained nanocomposite exhibited a saturation magnetization of 18.1 emu g(-1) at room temperature. The presence of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles in the nanocomposite enhances the space charge polarization, natural resonance, multiple scattering and the effective anisotropy energy leading to a high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 32 dB (similar to 99.9% attenuation) at a critical thickness of 3 mm. The results suggested that the as-prepared BaFe12O19@RGO nanocomposite showed great potential as an effective candidate for a new type of microwave absorbing material

Copolymerisation behaviour of methyl methacrylate with 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(3-phenyl-acryloyloxy)-ethyl ester

234-242Copolymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with varying mole fractions of 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(3-phenyl-acryloyloxy)-ethyl ester (B) [i.e. in the range of 0.1-0.5 in the initial feed] was carried out at 60 oC in the bulk using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The copolymer composition was determined from 1H-NMR by taking the ratio of proton resonance signals due to – OCH3 of MMA (δ = 3.59ppm) and -OCH2CH2 O-/C6H5CH=CH of B (δ = 4.36/6.48 ppm). Copolymerisations were terminated at low conversion (in the range of 10-15%) and the reactivity ratios were calculated using finemann Ross and Kelen Tudos methods. Reactivity ratios for both the monomers were higher than unity. Thermal characterisation of the copolymers was done by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.             Fabrication of sheets was carried out by casting prepolymer syrup having very low mole fractions (~2-10 mole %) of comonomer (B). The effect of incorporation of comonomer on the physical and mechanical properties of PMMA has also been evaluated. </span

Structural, spectral and thermal properties of bulky organic sulfonic acids doped polyanilines and antistatic performance of its melt blend

Aniline has been polymerized in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), ligninsulfonic acid (LSA) and cardanolazophenylsulfonic acid (CDSA) by emulsion route to form doped polyanilines (PANIs) designated as PDB, PCS, PLS and PCD, respectively. FTIR spectra and XRD patterns of samples confirm the formation of PANIs in doped emeraldine salt form. The UV-Visible spectra show that doping level increases in the order PCD &lt; PLS &lt; PCS &lt; PDB which is in good agreement with electrical conductivity values. The TGA results show that all samples have thermal stability in excess of greater than 230°C which is more than the melt processing temperatures (Tp) of thermoplastics like low density polyethylene (LDPE, Tp~150-160°C) or polypropylene (PP, Tp~210-220°C), suggesting that these materials could be processed via melt blending route. It was observed that melt blended LDPE film containing 1.5 wt% PDB passes the antistatic criteria with static decay time &lt;2 s