In Vivo And In Vitro Studies Of Anti-Cholesterol And Anti-Carcinogenic Effects Of Ganoderma Crud Extract

The in vivo and in vitro effect of a local, commercially available Ganoderma fruiting body powder (GF) and G. lucidum mycelium (GM) grown in soy waste on tumour and hypercholesterolaemic rats were studied. Administration of 1 % cholesterol diet in the cholesterol (Chol) group caused a significant (p<O.05) increase in the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels while reducing serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. In the case of the Chol+GF and Chol+GM groups, the initial serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels showed a much higher levels (p<O.05) compared to the Chol group. However, the levels gradually decreased towards the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in the lipid profiles amongst the Control, GF and GM groups. Serum alanine transferase (AL T), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK) in the Chol+GF group as well as the AL T, GGT level in th

Fourier Transform Infrared and Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy for Substance Analysis

The development of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) has had widened its scope of perspective application on different types of substances in terms of technique of material analysis and identification. The tri-step infrared analysis has shown its powerful application in the analysis and interpretation of spectra from pure compound, fraction, raw material, natural product and complex mixture

Extraction and Fractionation of Polysaccharides from a Selected Mushroom Species, Ganoderma lucidum: A Critical Review

Fractionation plays a big role in most of the sample processing especially in mushroom polysaccharides extraction. This intermediate step will determine further purification process which will lead to the type of polysaccharides that will be obtained. Four types of Ganoderma lucidum cultured medium used in the research papers were randomly chosen. They are spores, mycelia, fruiting body and fermentation broth. For water soluble polysaccharides, hot water extraction is typically applied. The following ethanol precipitation could be appropriate used to sediment the component with OH-group including polysaccharide. The next step of fractionation consist of anion exchange chromatography or gel filtration enhance the purity of polysaccharides. Using these extraction and fractionation techniques, high quality polysaccharides could be successfully obtained from the mushroom that are useful for further studies. This review examined the various extraction and fractionation techniques used in the study of polysaccharides from G. lucidum

Establishment of FTIR Database of Roselle Raw Material Originated From Western Coastline in Peninsular Malaysia

Herbs from different geographical regions may differ qualitatively and quantitatively, hence it is crucial to determine the active components of herbs from different regions and build a reference database. This study focused on the database establishment for the authentication of the raw material of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) collected at seven selected locations of the western coastline in Peninsular Malaysia. The validation on the unknown sample at the end of the study is to verify the accuracy of the established database. The inter-material distance (IMD) was presented as the mean distance of each sphere created by each batch of data from different locations. They were clustered with different folders and discriminated by Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm. All materials from seven farms achieved 100% separation rate. The average IMD of these seven locations was 9.04. The FTIR techniques established in this study can be used to distinguish the geographical origin of the selected H. sabdariffa farm samples

Efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in rats fed with high cholesterol diet

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the anti-cholesterol activities of Ganoderma lucidum on Sprague–Dawley white rats. Design/methodology/approach – Rats were divided into four groups with a sample size of six rats per groups. Different formula diets were given to each group for a period of six months. At regular intervals, blood samples were taken and analysed for the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels. Findings – Administration of hyperlipidemia diet in rats fed with 1 per cent cholesterol diet caused an increase in the TC, TG, as well as LDL-C level as compared to the control. A decrease of 23.6 per cent in the HDL-C level was also noted. However, supplementation of the feed with G. lucidum (0.1 per cent) in rats decreased the TC, TG and LDL-C level significantly (P < 0.05) while further increased the plasma concentration of HDL-C. In the case of rats fed with diet containing a mixture of 1 per cent cholesterol and 0.1 per cent of Ganoderma, the lipid profile showed much higher readings (p < 0.05) compared to the chol group. Practical implications – The possible efficacy of G. lucidum in reducing the deposition of cholesterol in the wall of the blood vessels was indicated. Originality/value – This article provides useful information to health care providers and consumers

The nature of apoptosis of human breast cancer cells induced by three species of genus Ganoderma P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) crude extracts

The cytotoxic effect of crude extracts of three Ganoderma species (G. lucidum, G. tropicum, and G. tsugae) was screened against the human estrogen-independent cell line, MDA-MB-435 using a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The crude extract obtained from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum by hot water extraction procedures had IC50 values ranging from 140 to 350 μg mL−1. Acridine-orange/propidium iodine staining, electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the crude extract caused both apoptosis and necrosis. The G. lucidum mycelial crude extract was most effective, with an IC50 value of 148 μg mL−1

Cytotoxic activity induced by crude extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. on mouse myeloma cancer cell-line

Ganoderma lucidum powder using hot water and methanol extraction methods indicated a twofold more active cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 44 ± 3.8 μg/ml in the latter method. The representative dose-response curves of the G. lucidum crude extracts on J558 cell-lines revealed that there were great similarities between the curves which reflected rapid killing activities. The percentage viability of the J558 cell exposed to these crude extracts was dose dependent only up to 150 μg/ml. After which, there was no significant reduction when the dose was increased to 200 or 400 μg/ml. The morphological alterations induced by the crude extract were examined under the phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscopy. When J558 cells were treated with doses higher than 50 μg/ml of the crude extract, obvious morphological changes and apoptosis occurred after 72 h. At 400 μg/ml, most of the cells showed necrosis characterized as small fragments with uniformly stained red nuclei. The apoptotic and necrotic cells increased by 16.5 and 29.1%, respectively whereas the viable cells decreased by as much as 45.6. The mode of cell death via apoptosis was 3.6% higher than necrosis. However, these morphological changes were not observed in the case of 3T3 cells. Results obtained from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the occurrence of various apoptotic and necrotic features