A hostage economy: The impact of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence on Zambia, 1965-79

In November 1965, Rhodesia’s Prime Minister Ian Smith announced a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), prompting the United Nations and the British government to impose economic and financial sanctions on his government. In the context of regional politics of decolonisation, the Zambian government interpreted UDI as a moral affront to African freedom, independence, dignity as well as posing a grave danger to the country’s national security. They responded to the crisis by supporting international sanctions on Rhodesia and embarked on an exercise to extricate the economy from dependence on the illegal regime. This article traces part of these strategic initiatives employed by the Zambian government in response to UDI and illustrates how strict compliance to international sanctions along with economic disengagement severely strained the country’s economic stability. It argues that although UDI immeasurably compromised Zambia’s development efforts and brutally exposed the limitations and vulnerability of its economy, ultimately the government exploited the situation to its advantage by promoting the country’s development agenda through establishment of alternative transport routes, new sources of energy and electricity, and import substitution industries. Economic diversification became a major priority of government policy in the wake of UDI. The article utilises evidence from the Zambian archives to investigate the nature and extent of the challenges and opportunities UDI imposed on Zambia’s economy between 1965 and 1979. Until now, scholars have hardly interrogated this aspect

Skin symptoms (allergic and non-allergic) predicting the development of allergic respiratory outcomes and asthma in bakers

Background: Recent studies have suggested that aside from the inhalational route, skin exposure may also play an important role in the sensitization to allergens, resulting in adverse allergic respiratory outcomes including asthma in workers exposed to these agents. This appears to be reported more commonly for low molecular weight agents such as isocyanates and some cleaning agents. This study investigated whether skin symptoms, in the presence or absence of allergic sensitization, can predict the development of allergic respiratory outcomes and asthma in bakery workers. Methods: A cohort study investigated 263 bakery workers using a modified ECRHS questionnaire; immunological tests including skin prick tests for common local aeroallergens (ALK-Abello´ A/S, Horsholm, Denmark), Phadiatop and serum-specific IgE to bakery allergens (wheat, rye and fungal α-amylase); and pulmonological tests including spirometry, non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), after a 4 year period. Results: Workers’ median age was 32 years (IQR: 26-38), 50% were female, 54% were ever smokers and 32% were atopic. At baseline, 26% of workers were sensitized to bakery allergens, skin symptoms were present in 22% and 11% reported work-related skin symptoms (WRSS). 3 While the incidence of general upper (19%) and lower (22%) respiratory symptoms over the follow-up period were very similar, work-related upper (29%) respiratory symptoms were higher than lower (20%) respiratory symptoms. However, the incidence of allergic sensitization to bakery allergens was only 8% and a new asthma diagnosis present in 4% over this period. In multivariate adjusted (gender, atopy and smoking status) regression models, having a history of skin symptoms was associated with an increased risk of developing work-related lower respiratory symptoms - WRLRS (RR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.03-4.83), while having clinically significant symptoms of eczema or urticaria was associated with an increased risk of reporting general upper respiratory symptoms (RR=5.5, 95% CI: 1.30-24.20) as well as WRLRS (RR= 4.8, 95% CI: 1.60-14.40). Furthermore, WRSS was associated with an increased risk of general upper respiratory symptoms (RR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.31-19.81), WRLRS (RR=4.1, 95% CI: 1.43-11.85) and elevated FeNO levels (FeNO>25ppb: RR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.19-7.28). The association between clinically significant skin symptoms or WRSS and new onset upper or lower respiratory symptoms were modified by use of dermal personal protective equipment. Infrequent or absent glove usage was associated with a higher risk (RR=5.3, 95% CI: 1.54-18.43) of having new onset WRLRS. Conclusion: Skin symptoms, more so if work-related, appear to be associated with future development of general and work-related upper and lower respiratory symptoms and inflammatory markers suggestive of asthma in bakery workers

A Good Measure of Sacrifice: Aspects of Zambia’s Contribution to the Liberation Wars in Southern Africa, 1964-1975

From the early 1960s, and throughout the 1970s, southern African liberation movements successfully waged wars of national liberation, forcing white minority regimes to negotiate independence under black majority rule. This success partly stemmed from extensive diplomatic, military, and material support extended to various liberation movements by regional alliances such as the frontline states and transnational state actors and solidarity movements. This article examines salient aspects of Zambia’s contribution as a prominent regional actor to the liberation wars in southern Africa. In doing so, it underlines the nature and significance of Zambia’s support for the liberation movements. I argue that Zambia’s authorities employed a dual strategy, war and diplomacy, in seeking to secure black majority rule in the region, but for mainly economic reasons, they were more inclined to pursue diplomatic approaches rather than exclusively relying on violence. They backed armed struggle only to the extent that it was a necessary instrument to coerce the white minority regimes to the negotiating table, but this strategy had limited success, and created numerous tensions and contradictions. Some nationalist leaders accused Zambia’s authorities of undermining the liberation wars. Based extensively on new Zambian archival documents and interviews with former Zambian leaders, this article brings fresh evidence about the intricacies of Zambia’s contribution to the liberation wars in southern Africa

A Good Measure of Sacrifice: Aspects of Zambia’s Contribution to the Liberation Wars in Southern Africa, 1964-1975

From the early 1960s, and throughout the 1970s, southern African liberation movements successfully waged wars of national liberation, forcing white minority regimes to negotiate independence under black majority rule. This success partly stemmed from extensive diplomatic, military, and material support extended to various liberation movements by regional alliances such as the frontline states and transnational state actors and solidarity movements. This article examines salient aspects of Zambia’s contribution as a prominent regional actor to the liberation wars in southern Africa. In doing so, it underlines the nature and significance of Zambia’s support for the liberation movements. I argue that Zambia’s authorities employed a dual strategy, war and diplomacy, in seeking to secure black majority rule in the region, but for mainly economic reasons, they were more inclined to pursue diplomatic approaches rather than exclusively relying on violence. They backed armed struggle only to the extent that it was a necessary instrument to coerce the white minority regimes to the negotiating table, but this strategy had limited success, and created numerous tensions and contradictions. Some nationalist leaders accused Zambia’s authorities of undermining the liberation wars. Based extensively on new Zambian archival documents and interviews with former Zambian leaders, this article brings fresh evidence about the intricacies of Zambia’s contribution to the liberation wars in southern Africa

A Plan for Strengthening Expository Preaching by Korean Seventh-day Adventist Pastors

Problem Adventist churches in Korea urgently need expository preaching to act as a counterbalance to the strong traditional emphasis on topical preaching. The greatest problem of preaching in Adventist churches of Korea seems to be a lack of biblical content. Complicating this is a widespread failure to correctly apply hermeneutical principles to biblical exposition. Method Two taped sermons preached by each of seven selected Seventh-day Adventist preachers in Korea were collected and analyzed in the light of the criteria established for authenthic expository preaching. The criteria were obtained from the review of biblical and current literature. Results It was found that of the fourteen sermons twelve sermons were not expository. Thus, it turns out that the solid understanding of how to make an expository sermon is greatly needed. Conclusions It is imperative that pastors and lay leaders receive adequate training in a continuing education program for expository preaching. Furthermore, the theology students of Sahmyook University, the future Adventist preachers of Korea, should learn how to research and construct a good expository sermon. Therefore, a model for a course in expository preaching is presented in this dissertation

The Progress of Mozambique’s Accelerated Demining Programme

In order to help make Mozambique a safer place, the Accelerated Demining Program (ADP) has expanded its capabilities with the addition of more mine detection dogs (MDDs) and a new mechanical clearance device

The Plight of Persons with Disabilities in Zambia

This booklet outlines insights on the needs of persons with disability gained from JCTR's training programme for provincial planning units, Disability bodies and associations in the nine Provinces of Central, Copper belt, Eastern, Luapula, Muchinga, Northern, North-western, Southern and Western. The trainings begun in June, 2016 and were concluded in November, 2016. JCTR also conducted eld visits to institutions providing services to PWDs. The objective of the trainings and eld visits were to sensitize workshop participants on the challenges faced by persons with disability in a quest to promote access to rights and services of persons with disability in Zambia. Participants had an opportunity to share their experiences on issues of persons with disability and learn from disability institutions about the many challenges being faced by these institutions.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP

Effect of Ethnophysics - Based Instruction on Students’ Academic Performance and Attitude Towards Density, Forces and Heat Transfer in College Physics: A Case of Mufulira College of Education

This study investigated the effect of Ethnophysics – Based Instruction on students’ academic performance and attitude towards Density, Forces and Heat Transfer at Mufulira College of Education, Mufulira District, Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The study employed a quasi -experimental: pre-test – post-test control group design on 156 purposively sampled students. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics. The hypotheses on both academic performance and attitude were tested using two sample t-test statistic, at 0.05 level of significance. The study found that the experimental group performed better than the control group t (154) = 6.06; p < 0.05. It also found that Ethnophysics – Based Instruction which was used to teach the experimental group enhanced the attitude better than the conventional method which was used to teach the control group t (154) = 7.49; p < 0.05. Lastly the study revealed that Ethnophysics – Based Instruction is a gender friendly teaching approach when teaching Density, Forces and Heat Transfer to students t (69) = - 0.68; p > 0.05. The study concludes that this instructional approach is a viable innovation for the enhancement of students’ academic performance and attitude towards the mentioned three topics and that it is not gender biased. The study recommends that lecturers should use Ethnophysics - Based-Instructions in their teaching. Physics courses in pre-service teacher training should be taught using Ethnophysics - Based Instruction. At the in-service level, seminars and workshops should be organized to educate practicing lecturers on how to use Ethnophysics - Based Instruction in teaching. Keywords: ethnophysics, attitude, home practices, ethnophysics – based instruction DOI: 10.7176/JEP/10-20-03 Publication date:July 31st 201

The Plight of Persons With Disabilities in Zambia

This booklet outlines insights on the needs of persons with disability gained from JCTR's training programme for provincial planning units, Disability bodies and associations in the nine Provinces of Central, Copper belt, Eastern, Luapula, Muchinga, Northern, North-western, Southern and Western. The trainings begun in June, 2016 and were concluded in November, 2016. JCTR also conducted eld visits to institutions providing services to PWDs. The objective of the trainings and eld visits were to sensitize workshop participants on the challenges faced by persons with disability in a quest to promote access to rights and services of persons with disability in Zambia. Participants had an opportunity to share their experiences on issues of persons with disability and learn from disability institutions about the many challenges being faced by these institutions.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP

Pathogenic variability of Ascochyta rabiei in Saskatchewan

Non-Peer ReviewedForty isolates of Ascochyta rabiei collected in Saskatchewan Canada and 18 obtained from other countries were assessed for pathogenicity on eight chickpea differential lines/cultivars under controlled conditions. Each assessment was repeated once. Based on the differential by isolate interactions, 15 distinct pathotypes were identified among the isolates from Saskatchewan. This demonstrates that many races of A. rabiei are present in Saskatchewan. Formation of new virulent races through gene recombination is possible. This will have large impact on Ascochyta blight development and its control. Plant breeders should anticipate a highly diverse A. rabiei population with a high potential for change