Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Charging for Electric vehicles - A Review

Considering a future scenario in which a driverless Electric Vehicle (EV) needs an automatic charging system without human intervention. In this regard, there is a requirement for a fully automatable, fast, safe, cost-effective, and reliable charging infrastructure that provides a profitable business model and fast adoption in the electrified transportation systems. These qualities can be comprehended through wireless charging systems. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a futuristic technology with the advantage of flexibility, convenience, safety, and the capability of becoming fully automated. In WPT methods resonant inductive wireless charging has to gain more attention compared to other wireless power transfer methods due to high efficiency and easy maintenance. This literature presents a review of the status of Resonant Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Charging technology also highlighting the present status and its future of the wireless EV market. First, the paper delivers a brief history throw lights on wireless charging methods, highlighting the pros and cons. Then, the paper aids a comparative review of different type’s inductive pads, rails, and compensations technologies done so far. The static and dynamic charging techniques and their characteristics are also illustrated. The role and importance of power electronics and converter types used in various applications are discussed. The batteries and their management systems as well as various problems involved in WPT are also addressed. Different trades like cyber security economic effects, health and safety, foreign object detection, and the effect and impact on the distribution grid are explored. Prospects and challenges involved in wireless charging systems are also highlighting in this work. We believe that this work could help further the research and development of WPT systems.publishedVersio

A Review on UAV Wireless Charging: Fundamentals, Applications, Charging Techniques and Standards

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular for applications such as inspections, delivery, agriculture, surveillance, and many more. It is estimated that, by 2040, UAVs/drones will become a mainstream delivery channel to satisfy the growing demand for parcel delivery. Though the UAVs are gaining interest in civil applications, the future of UAV charging is facing a set of vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of parcel delivery, handling countless drones and their charging will become complex and laborious. The need for non-contact based multi-device charging techniques will be crucial in saving time and human resources. To efficiently address this issue, Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) for UAVs is a promising technology for multi-drone charging and autonomous handling of multiple devices. In the literature of the past five years, limited surveys were conducted for wireless UAV charging. Moreover, vital problems such as coil weight constraints, comparison between existing charging techniques, shielding methods and many other key issues are not addressed. This motivates the author in conducting this review for addressing the crucial aspects of wireless UAV charging. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive comparative study on wireless charging's technical aspects conducted by prominent research laboratories, universities, and industries. The paper also discusses UAVs' history, UAVs structure, categories of UAVs, mathematical formulation of coil and WPT standards for safer operation.publishedVersio

A Novel High Gain Dual Input Single Output Z-Quasi Resonant (ZQR) DC/DC Converter for Off-Board EV Charging

This manuscript focuses on a Multi-port non-isolated (Dual input and single output) DC/DC power electronic interface based on Z-Quasi resonant (ZQR) network. The converter accommodates grid and Photovoltaic panel (PV) as its input sources. Unlike the basic DC/DC converters, the recommended DC/DC converter requires fewer switches and provides continuous current, high voltage gain, and minimal voltage stress on converter switch up to 40% duty cycle owing to the presence of ZQR network. This feature of the converter makes it suitable for applications like Electric Vehicle (EV) off-board charging, where a high voltage gain is required. The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate a multi-port ZQR DC/DC converter for EVs. In the proposed multi-port ZQR converter, additional input and output ports could be appended without compromising the converter's gain and efficiency. The developed converter can operate continuously even if any one of the input sources fails to charge the EV. The proposed converter is mathematically modeled using basic laws that govern the converter performance and analyzed in MATLAB Simulink platform under various operating modes. A detailed analysis under steady-state and dynamic conditions as well as a comparison of the developed multiport ZQR DC/DC converter with the topologies addressed in published literature are also presented in this manuscript. In order to verify the proposed converter performance, a prototype model of 300 W has been designed and developed with a switching frequency of 20 kHz. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis, the aforementioned advantages, and features of the proposed multiport ZQR DC/DC converter.publishedVersio

Critical Aspects of Electric Motor Drive Controllers and Mitigation of Torque Ripple - Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing a vital role in sustainable transportation. It is estimated that by 2030, Battery EVs will become mainstream for passenger car transportation. Even though EVs are gaining interest in sustainable transportation, the future of EV power transmission is facing vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of torque ripple mitigation and improved reliability control techniques in motors, many motor drive control algorithms fail to provide efficient control. To efficiently address this issue, control techniques such as Field Orientation Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), Model Predictive Control (MPC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Intelligent Control (IC) techniques are used in the motor drive control algorithms. This literature survey exclusively compares the various advanced control techniques for conventionally used EV motors such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), and Induction Motors (IM). Furthermore, this paper discusses the EV-motors history, types of EVmotors, EV-motor drives powertrain mathematical modelling, and design procedure of EV-motors. The hardware results have also been compared with different control techniques for BLDC and SRM hub motors. Future direction towards the design of EV by critical selection of motors and their control techniques to minimize the torque ripple and other research opportunities to enhance the performance of EVs are also presented.publishedVersio

Managing the demand in a Micro Grid Based on Load shifting with Controllable Devices Using Hybrid WFS2ACSO Technique

The Demand Side Management (DSM) introduced in Smart Grid (SG), which depends on load shifting with huge number of devices is presented in this work. The proposed hybrid strategy is the joint implementation of Wingsuit Flying Search (WFSA) algorithm and Artificial Cell Swarm Optimization (ACSO). The searching behavior of WFSA is enhanced by ACSO. Hence, it is named as WFS2ACSO. This technique aims at minimization of electricity bill, power consumption, and Peak Average Ratio (PAR). The daily load change method presented in this manuscript is utilized for defusing the minimization issues. The present method is performed in SG that constitutes three different types of loads on a residential area, a commercial area, and an industrial area. Simulation results demonstrate that the projected DSM methodology achieves considerable savings, as peak load demand of SG decreases. Further, the variation in PAR levels with and without the DSM methodology is also presented. The proposed model is executed on a MATLAB simulation platform with two case studies based on optimization methods like WFSA, WFS2ACSO). The results obtained present the hybridized algorithm effectiveness as compared with other trendsetting optimization techniques like Ant lion optimization (ALO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).publishedVersio

An Assessment of Shortest Prioritized Path-Based Bidirectional Wireless Charging Approach Toward Smart Agriculture

The agriculture sector has witnessed a transformation with the advent of smart sensing devices, leading to improved crop yield and quality. However, the management of data collection from numerous sensors across vast agricultural areas, as well as the associated charging requirements, presents significant challenges. This paper addresses the major research problem by proposing an innovative solution for charging agricultural sensors. The introduction of an energy-constrained device (ECD) enables wireless charging and transmission of soil data to a centralized server. The proposed ECDs will enable enhanced data collection, precision agriculture, optimized resource allocation, timely decision-making, and remote monitoring and control. A bidirectional wireless charging drone is employed to efficiently charge the ECDs. To optimize energy usage, a prioritized Dijkstra algorithm determines the ECDs to be charged and plans the shortest route for the drone. The wireless charging drone landing-charging station achieves an efficiency of 91.3%, delivering 72 W of power within a 5 mm range. Furthermore, the ECD possesses a data transmission range of 100 m and incorporates deep sleep functionality, allowing for a remarkable 30-day battery life.publishedVersio

A Modified Topology of a High Efficiency Bidirectional Type DC–DC Converter by Synchronous Rectification

A modified Topology to acquire high efficiency of a bidirectional method of DC–DC converter of non-isolated approach is proposed. The modified circuit involves four numbers of switches with their body diodes, passive elements as two inductors as well as a capacitor and the circuit arrangements double boost converters to progress the voltage gain. The input current of the proposed topology divided amongst the two dissimilar values of inductors produces greater efficiency. In the step-down mode, an apparent lessening in voltage gain and also enhanced efficiency can be realized in the recommended system by expending a synchronous rectification. The modified topology shields the technique for presentation of easy control configurations and is used for truncated output voltage with a large current of energy storage systems in the renewable applications as well as hybrid energy source electric vehicle applications. The simulation of the projected structure has been conducted through MATLAB/Simulink software and has been corroborated through a 12 V/180 V, 200 Watts experimental prototype circuit.publishedVersio

A Modified High Voltage Gain Quasi-Impedance Source Coupled Inductor Multilevel Inverter for Photovoltaic Application

publishedVersio

Advances in Batteries, Battery Modeling, Battery Management System, Battery Thermal Management, SOC, SOH, and Charge/Discharge Characteristics in EV Applications

The second-generation hybrid and Electric Vehicles are currently leading the paradigm shift in the automobile industry, replacing conventional diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles. The Battery Management System is crucial in these electric vehicles and also essential for renewable energy storage systems. This review paper focuses on batteries and addresses concerns, difficulties, and solutions associated with them. It explores key technologies of Battery Management System, including battery modeling, state estimation, and battery charging. A thorough analysis of numerous battery models, including electric, thermal, and electro-thermal models, is provided in the article. Additionally, it surveys battery state estimations for a charge and health. Furthermore, the different battery charging approaches and optimization methods are discussed. The Battery Management System performs a wide range of tasks, including as monitoring voltage and current, estimating charge and discharge, equalizing and protecting the battery, managing temperature conditions, and managing battery data. It also looks at various cell balancing circuit types, current and voltage stressors, control reliability, power loss, efficiency, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The paper also discusses research gaps in battery management systems.publishedVersio