Pengaruh Pemberian Timbal (Pb) Per Oral terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar Studi Eksperimental Laboratorik pada Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal which is of no use to the human body, and can accumulated in the body. The main sources of lead pollution are automobile exhaust, and contaminated food and drink. Toxic effects of lead may cause hypertension and ischemia in Heart muscle. This study aimed to investigate the effect of administration lead (Pb) orally on histopathological feature of the liver.An experimental research with a randomized control group post test design was conducted for 14 days. In this study, 25 male wistar strain rats were randomly divided into five groups to receive one of following treatment :  standard diet and distilled water (K-I as control group), K-ll be given a standard diet, distilled water and 2,5 mg of lead (Pb)/ day per oral, K-III was given a standard diet, distilled water and 5 mg of lead (Pb)/ day per oral, K-IV was given a standard diet, distilled water and 7,5 mg of lead (Pb)/ day per oral and K-IV given a standard diet, distilled water and 10 mg of lead (Pb)/ day per oral. Wet fixation methods and histopathological examination of liver were conducted after day 14. Data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis test and continued by Mann Whitney U test to show the significancy.Results showed significanly no damage to Liver cells group I,II,III,and IV but show significantly on the fifth group. This study conclude that administration of lead (Pb) orally by 10 mg doses affect on the histopathological feature of the Liver of male wistar strain rats

Validity of Middle Upper Arm Circumference as an Indicator of Nutritional Status in Patients with Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy

Background: Middle Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) is the circumference of the left upper arm, measured at the middle point between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow (olecranon process and the acromium). MUAC is used for the assessment of nutritional status. It is a good predictor of mortality and in many studies, MUAC predicted death in children better than any other anthropometric indicator. This study aimed to validity of middle upper arm circumference as an indicator of nutritional status in patients with cancer under¬going chemotherapy. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sultan Agung Islamic hospital, Semarang, Central Java. A sample of 52 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy was selected for this study. The independent variable was body mass index (BMI) served as the gold standard. The dependent variable was middle upper arm circumference (MUAC). Both indicators were measured by anthropometric measurement. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to indicate validity. BMI and MUAC scores were analyzed by Pearson correlation. Results: MUAC had a strong and positive correlation with BMI (r= 0.76; p<0.001). In comparison with BMI, MUAC showed high sensitivity (94.7%) and moderate specificity (75.8%). Conclusion: MUAC is strongly correlated with BMI with high sensitivity and moderate specificity. It can be used as an indicator of nutritional status in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Keywords: middle upper arm circumference, body mass index, nutritional status, cance

Kanker Paru Merupakan Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Efusi Pleura di Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta

Insiden kanker paru meningkat di seluruh dunia, angka kematian akibat kanker paru meningkat dengan cepat. Kanker paru telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan efusi pleura. Efusi pleura pada penyakit keganasan biasanya mempunyai prognosis yang buruk, dengan harapan hidup kurang dari satu tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kanker paru merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya efusi pleura di Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi, Surakarta periode 1 Januari – 31 Desember 2007.Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah pasien rawat inap pemyakit paru di bangsal paru di rumah sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta, periode 1 Januari 2007-31 Desember 2007 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sebanyak 1264 orang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data yang diambil berupa data sekunder dari catatan medik pasien rawat inap penyakit paru di rumah sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji statistik rasio prevalensi.           Pada penelitian ini, didapatkan 1264 sampel yang memenuhi kriteria, dikelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu penderita kanker paru berjumlah 152 orang dengan 114 orang mengalami efusi pleura dan 38 pasien tidak mengalami efusi pleura, sedangkan kelompok bukan penderita kanker paru berjumlah 1112 orang dengan 93 pasien mengalami efusi pleura dan 1019 pasien tidak mengalami efusi pleura. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji statistik rasio prevalensi, dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan nilai RP 11,25 sedangkan IK95% antara 1,057 sampai 1,187 selalu diatas 1.           Berdasarkan uji statistik rasio prevalensi dapat disimpulkan bahwa kanker paru merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya efusi pleura, dimana risiko terjadinya efusi pleura 11,25 kali lebih besar pada penderita kanker paru.

Investigasi Kewirausahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Keputusan Struktur Modal Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan

This study intends to analyze the role of entrepreneurship as a moderating variable on the effects of capitalstructure decisions on financial performance. Population, all the small and medium industries (SMEs) in thetown of Probolinggo, with a sample set of 100 units of SMEs and data collection using purposive randomsampling technique. Data were analyzed using factor analysis in the SEM is used to confirm the most dominantfactors in a group of variables and regression weight on the SEM used for confirmatory examine howmuch the relationship between variables. Furthermore, SEM modeling needs to step (a) the development of atheoretical model, (b) the development path diagram (c) selecting an input matrix and estimation of covarianceor correlation models, (d) the possibility of the emergence of problem identification, (e) evaluation criteria ofgoodness-of-fit and (f) the interpretation and modification of the model. The results showed, capital structuredecisions have a significant effect on financial performance. Capital structure decisions have a significanteffect on the financial performance through entrepreneurship moderating variable. Entrepreneurship significanteffect on the financial performance

Popular Culture of Main Character in Confessions of A Shopaholic Movie Directed by P. J. Hogan

The objective of this paper is to know about popular culture especially type of popular culture which occurred in today society and the moral value. This analysis is done based on the source of movie is Confessions of a Shopaholic which focuses on main character only. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method for this analysis which focused on Brummet's theory of popular culture as the main subject. The result indicates that there are two types of popular culture based on Brummet's category, there are top down and bottom up. First is top down, which consist of eight points: branded-product, fancy store, shopaholic, credit card, look, property, taxi, and gadget. Second is bottom up, which consists of two points, there are: boot and coat. The writer considered that the most dominant type from those two types and ten points is top down. While for the moral values from the movie, the writes takes six points there are: confront the expenditure, do not let things define you, cost and worth are very different things, credit cards are not magic wands, lying is not a good idea, and everything happens for a reason

Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata) sebagai Penghambat Perkembangan Tumor Payudara

Kanker payudara merupakan penyebab kematian kedua setelah kanker leher rahim pada wanita. Pengobatan kanker sampai sekarang masih belum berhasil dengan baik. Daun sirsak merupakan obat tradisional yang secara empirik dipakai masyarakat Indonesia sebagai obat antiinflamasi dan antikanker. Kandungan aktif acetogenin pada daun sirsak diketahui dapat menginduksi apoptosis dengan meningkatkan aktivitas caspase-3 dan menghambat proliferasi pada kultur sel kanker. Dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui potensi antikanker ekstrak daun sirsak, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan post test randomized control group design, menggunakan 24 ekor mencit C3H yang telah diinokulasi bubur tumor jenis adenokasrsinoma mamma dan telah tumbuh tumor. Mencit kemudian dikelompokkan secara random menjadi kelompok 1 (kontrol), 2 dan 3, berturut-turut mendapatkan aquades, ekstrak daun sirsak dosis 10 mg/kg dan 20 mg/kg. Perlakuan diberikan peroral selama 30 hari. Selama perlakuan, volume tumor diamati tiap 3 hari untuk mengetahui penghambatan per-kembangan tumor payudara. Pada hari ke-31, jaringan tumor diambil dan dibuat preparat histopatologi untuk pengecatan imunohistokimia terhadap ekspresi protein Ki-67 dan pengecatan Tunnel, berturut-turut untuk mengetahui tingkat proliferasi serta jumlah sel kanker yang mengalami apoptosis. Data di uji dengan uji One Way Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun sirsak mampu memperlambat pertumbuhan tumor payudara tetapi tidak mengurangi besar tumor akhir. Disamping itu, ekstrak daun sirsak mampu meng-hambat proliferasi sel melalui hambatan ekspresi Ki-67 dan mampu meningkatkan apoptosis. Kata kunci : daun sirsak, Annona muricata, tumor payudara, Ki-67, apoptosis