Publications by decade.

<p>The number of studies (n = 41) published by decade, investigating the impacts of winter recreation on fauna from 1970 to mid-2012.</p

PRISMA Literature Search Flow Diagram.

<p>PRISMA Literature Search Flow Diagram.</p

Numbers of published studies that investigated the impacts of winter recreation on wildlife.

*<p>indicates a country with a major ski market <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064282#pone.0064282-Vanat1" target="_blank">[38]</a>. ‘Total’ refers to the total number of published studies. ‘Positive’, ‘No Effect’ and ‘Negative’ refer to the specific effect(s) reported in each study. Note that the total number of specific effects may not equal the total number of studies, as individual articles may have reported more than one effect (e.g. an effect for each individual species, functional group, biotic measure etc. studied).</p

Global distribution of studies (n = 41) that investigated the effects of winter recreation on wildlife.

<p>Global distribution of studies (n = 41) that investigated the effects of winter recreation on wildlife.</p

Number of studies (n = 41) investigating the effect of three different types of winter recreation-related disturbance on fauna.

<p>*P<0.05, **P<0.01 indicate a significant difference between the number of positive and negative effects reported.</p

Number of studies (n = 41) investigating the effects of winter recreation on fauna across three continents.

<p>**P<0.01 indicates a significant difference between the number of positive and negative effects reported.</p

Number of studies (n = 41) investigating the effects of winter recreation on seven different taxonomic groups.

<p>**P<0.01 indicates a significant difference between the number of positive and negative effects reported.</p

Number of studies (n = 41) investigating the impacts of winter recreation on different taxa across three continents.

<p>Four studies investigated multiple taxa, hence totals for taxonomic groups do not sum to the total number of studies analysed.</p

Details of the 41 studies^* investigating the impacts of winter recreation on alpine and subalpine fauna.

*<p>Complete reference details provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064282#pone.0064282.s006" target="_blank">Reference List S1</a>;</p>**<p>indicates studies included in the meta-analyses.</p

Overall and individual study effect sizes (±95% C.I.) of winter recreation on fauna (<i>d</i>).

<p>Weighted effect sizes were calculated for meta-analyses on measures of richness, diversity and abundance.</p