Analytical flowchart of urinary proteins by C18 plate-MALDI-TOF approach.

<p>Urine samples were from healthy, DM-WNP, DM-NP or WDM-NP subjects.</p

Urine proteome analysis by C₁₈ plate–matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows noninvasive differential diagnosis and prediction of diabetic nephropathy - Fig 3

<p>(A) Representative MALDI-TOF mass spectra of urine samples from a healthy individual and patients with WDM-NP, DM-WNP and DM-NP. (B) Pseudo gel view of the urine protein profiles. The horizontal line indicates the separation between the healthy, WDM-NP, DM-WNP, and DM-NP groups. The differential density along the x-axis represents the abundance of specific protein in the samples.</p

MALDI-TOF mass spectra of urine samples.

<p>(A) Without desalting. (B) With C₁₈-plate desalting.</p

Urine proteome analysis by C₁₈ plate–matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows noninvasive differential diagnosis and prediction of diabetic nephropathy

<div><p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients. New noninvasive markers are still needed for the early detection of DN before identifiable alternations in kidney function or urine albumin excretion occurs. A C₁₈ plate and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were used to compare the urinary protein profiles of 238 subjects from the following 4 groups: patients with type 2 diabetic (T2D) with microalbuminuria, patients with DM without micro- or macroalbuminuria, patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria due to nondiabetic disease, and healthy controls. β2-microglobulin (B2M) and Clara-cell protein (CC16) were found to be highly released in the urine of patients with proteinuria due to nondiabetic or diabetic diseases. In differentiating nephropathy from healthy subject, the B2M and CC16 markers have a combined sensitivity and specificity of 77.3% and 91.8%, respectively. In distinguishing T2D with microalbuminuria from T2D patients, the combined markers have sensitivity and specificity of 66% and 73%, respectively. The predictive ability of B2M and CC16 for early renal functional decline (ERFD) was validated in 125 T2D patients with a follow-up times. The odds ratio (OR) of combined B2M and CC16 markers for developing ERFD was 7.59 (95% CI: 1.97–29.24). The detection of B2M and CC16 with the C₁₈ plate—MALDI-TOF MS approach could be an attractive and practical assay for rapid diagnosis of nephropathy in nondiabetic/diabetic patients and as a predictor of ERFD among T2D patients who had not manifested significant kidney disease at baseline.</p></div

Urine proteome analysis by C₁₈ plate–matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows noninvasive differential diagnosis and prediction of diabetic nephropathy - Fig 5

<p>(A) Representative LC-UV chromatogram of urinary proteins from a DM-NP subject. The eluent was collected at 60-s intervals. (B) MALDI-TOF MS analysis of LC subfractions 9, 10, and 11. The marker peak of <i>m/z</i> 15860 was found in fraction 10. (C) Identification of the corresponding peptide of the <i>m/z</i> 647.91 peak by nanoLC-MS/MS. The sequence of CC16 was shown and the identified peptide sequence was underlined.</p

Clinical and biochemical parameters for the healthy, WDM-NP, DM-WNP, and DM-NP subjects.

<p>Clinical and biochemical parameters for the healthy, WDM-NP, DM-WNP, and DM-NP subjects.</p

Excretion of (A) 11.7 kDa and (B) 15.8 kDa proteins in urine samples from 39 healthy, 44 WDM-NP, 85 DM-WNP, and 51 DM-NP subjects.

<p>The relative intensities are represented as box plots, expressed as the medium with quartile values (25%, 75%). Error bars indicate the minimum and maximum values. * <i>p</i> < 0.05, *** <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001.</p

Receiver operating curves (ROC) of AGE for predicting abnormal FMD in the (a) hemodialysis group, and (b) the non-CKD group.

<p>Receiver operating curves (ROC) of AGE for predicting abnormal FMD in the (a) hemodialysis group, and (b) the non-CKD group.</p

Comparison in hospitalization rates between hemodialysis patients with and without influenza vaccination.

<p>Rate^#, incidence rate, per 100 person-years; IRR^*, incidence rate ratio;</p><p>HR, hazard ratio adjusted for sex, age, coronary artery disease; congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, stroke, and calendar year</p

Demographic status and comorbidity at baseline in hemodialysis patients with and without influenza vaccination.

<p>Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p><p>Chi-square test; ^#: Two-sample t-test</p