Evaluation of peripheral lymphadenopathy by fine needle aspiration cytology: a one year study at tertiary centre

Background: Lymphadenopathy is common presenting features in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique that can be used as an outpatient procedure to diagnose them. The present study was undertaken to assess the various causes of lymphadenopathy through FNAC, and to see the distribution of lesions with respect to age and gender. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of lymph node fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions.Methods: Total 555 cases of the lymph node FNAC were studied from January 2014 to December 2014 in Cytopathology department of Government Medical College, Surat .The cytomorphologic features seen in the aspirates were analyzed and correlated with their etiology.Results: In this study 555 cases of cervical lymphadenopathy were analysed. The age of the patients ranged from 5 months to 90 years of which 60.2% were males and 39.8% were females. Maximum numbers of cases 147(26.4%) were in the age group of 21- 30 years. The most common lesion encountered was tuberculous lymphadenitis 44.8% followed by metastatic tumors 31.3%, reactive lymph node 16.7%, acute lymphadenitis 5.4% and lymphoma 1.8%. Male showed predominance of metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma while chronic reactive hyperplasia and tuberculous lymphadenitis were equally distributed in both male & female.Conclusions: FNAC is safe, rapid and cost effective method in establishing the diagnosis in large number of cases of lymphadenopathy. It can differentiate a neoplastic from a non-neoplastic process and therefore influence patient management preventing patient from being subjected to unnecessary surgery

Evolution of structure-function relationships in the GFP-family of proteins

textOne of the most intriguing questions in evolutionary biology is how biochemical and structural complexity arise through small and incremental changes; however answering this question requires an explicit set of candidate residues and an experimental system in which to test them. This dissertation aims to understand how biochemical complexity evolves and assesses the structure-function relationship in the green fluorescent protein (GFP) protein family using an ancestral reconstruction approach. In the second chapter, I studied the evolution of biochemical complexity in Kaede-type red fluorescent proteins (FPs) from Faviina corals. An increase in biochemical complexity is represented by the emergence of red fluorescence because it necessitates the synthesis of a tri-cyclic chromophore from a precursor bi-cyclic chromophore through an additional autocatalytic reaction step. The autocatalytic reaction is fully enabled by as many as twelve historical mutations. Here, I showed that the red fluorescent chromophore evolved from an ancestral green chromophore by perturbing the ancestral protein stability at multiple levels of protein structure. Moreover, only three historical mutations are sufficient to initiate the selection-accessible evolutionary trajectory leading to emergence of red fluorescence. The third chapter investigates six mutations proximate to the chromophore in the Kaede-type FP that could have facilitated autocatalytic synthesis of the red chromophore by enlarging the chromophore-containing cavity and modifying its microenvironment. Two of these six mutations were found to strongly affect the protein’s stability and oligomeric tendency. Additionally, I showed that the dimeric least divergent Kaede-type FP, R1-2, evolved from the tetrameric green ancestor. Taken together the results of these studies indicate that the step-up in biochemical complexity in the Kaede-type FPs was achieved via disruption of the existing stable interactions at tertiary and quaternary protein structure levels. In the fourth chapter, I resurrected the common ancestor of all FPs cloned from the order Leptothecata (class Hydrozoa), which are characterized by the highest known homo-oligomeric diversity. I showed that the ancestor was a green monomeric FP with a large Stokes shift. The ancestral FP together with the extant Leptothecata FPs could server as a model system to study the evolution of function and homo-oligomerization, and the desirable photophysical characteristics would make this ancestral FP a useful bio-marker in bio-medical research.Cellular and Molecular Biolog

Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis and Management - A Review of Literature

Background: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. Mucosal lesions are classified into six clinical forms and there is malignant potential for Oral Lichen Planus (OLP); therefore, follow -up should be considered. There are many unestablished etiological factors for OLP. A genetic predisposition linked to Th, cytokine polymorphisms may promote the T cell-mediated immunological response to an induced antigenic change that is supposed to lead to OLP lesions. Some putative etiologic factors, mainly amalgam restorations and hepatitis C virus have been studied in detail. The diagnosis of OLP can be made from the clinical features if they are sufficiently characteristic, but biopsy is recommended to confirm the diagnosis, exclude dysplasia and malignancy and if active treatment is required. The aims of current OLP therapy are to eliminate mucosal erythema and ulceration, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of oral cancer. The management of OLP is mainly aimed at controlling the symptoms and topical immunomodulators such as powerful corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have been used. However their long-term effects needs to be better explained and understood

An Unusual Case Report of Erupted Odontoma

Odontomas are the most common of the odontogenic tumors of the jaws, which are benign, slow growing, and nonaggressive. They are usually asymptomatic and found in routine dental radiographic examination. Odontomas are usually associated with tooth eruption disturbances. Eruption of odontoma in oral cavity is rare entity. Here we report a case of an unusual erupted compound odontoma

Evaluation of peripheral lymphadenopathy by fine needle aspiration cytology: a one year study at tertiary centre

Background: Lymphadenopathy is common presenting features in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique that can be used as an outpatient procedure to diagnose them. The present study was undertaken to assess the various causes of lymphadenopathy through FNAC, and to see the distribution of lesions with respect to age and gender. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of lymph node fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions.Methods: Total 555 cases of the lymph node FNAC were studied from January 2014 to December 2014 in Cytopathology department of Government Medical College, Surat .The cytomorphologic features seen in the aspirates were analyzed and correlated with their etiology.Results: In this study 555 cases of cervical lymphadenopathy were analysed. The age of the patients ranged from 5 months to 90 years of which 60.2% were males and 39.8% were females. Maximum numbers of cases 147(26.4%) were in the age group of 21- 30 years. The most common lesion encountered was tuberculous lymphadenitis 44.8% followed by metastatic tumors 31.3%, reactive lymph node 16.7%, acute lymphadenitis 5.4% and lymphoma 1.8%. Male showed predominance of metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma while chronic reactive hyperplasia and tuberculous lymphadenitis were equally distributed in both male & female.Conclusions: FNAC is safe, rapid and cost effective method in establishing the diagnosis in large number of cases of lymphadenopathy. It can differentiate a neoplastic from a non-neoplastic process and therefore influence patient management preventing patient from being subjected to unnecessary surgery

Determination of the Impact of Various Commonly Consumed Beverages on the Colour Stability of Universal Nanohybrid, Nanofilled, and Microhybrid Composite Resins: An In-vitro Spectrophotometric Study

Introduction: The challenge in restorative dentistry is related to changes in the colour of composite over time when exposed to a variety of common beverages, which necessitates additional expenses for the patients. Aim: To compare the colour changes of various composites currently available on the market after exposure to commonly consumed beverages. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted from May 2022 to December 2022 in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Karnavati School of Dentistry in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. A total of 120 disc-shaped composite pellets, with 40 specimens for each type of composite (nanohybrid, nanofilled, and microhybrid), measuring 6×2 mm, were prepared and divided into four subgroups based on the beverages used (Distilled water, coca-cola, Tea, and Coffee). The samples were submerged in the respective beverages and kept at 37°C for seven days. Colour assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer before and after immersion. The obtained Commission International de l Eclairage (CIE) ΔE values were recorded after measuring the CIE L*a*b* values. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0, utilising a paired t-test, post hoc Tukey’s test, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A significance level of p<0.05 was used. Result: Among all the beverages, the nanofilled composite showed the highest mean colour change, while the nanohybrid composite exhibited the lowest. Overall, the greatest colour change was observed with tea, followed by coffee, coca-cola, and the least with distilled water. In tea, coffee, and cocacola, the nanohybrid composite and nanofilled composite showed a statistically significant difference in mean colour change: 16.74 (p<0.001), -7.29 (p<0.001), and -1.02 (p=0.018), respectively. However, the difference between the nanohybrid and microhybrid composite was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The nanohybrid composite demonstrated the least mean colour change, followed by the microhybrid composite, while the nanofilled composite exhibited the highest colour change

A Large Prolapsed Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp of the Esophagus: An Unusual Presentation

The inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is an uncommon benign tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. The tumor was first described in 1949 by Vanek as a gastric submucosal granuloma with eosinophilia. It has also been referred to as a Vanek tumor. The term inflammatory fibroid polyp was coined by Helwig and Ranier in 1953. The IFP is also known as an eosinophilic granuloma, inflammatory pseudotumor, fibroma with eosinophilic infiltration, and polypoid myoendothelioma. Classically, the IFP is a solitary, polypoid, noncapsulated intraluminal tumor with occasional ulceration. Although the stomach is the most frequent site of involvement, IFPs can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Rarely, IFPs can also involve the esophagus, duodenum, or rectum. Dysphagia is the most common presentation of esophageal IFP followed by gastrointestinal bleeding due to erosions and ulceration on the surface of the polyp

The mean mM H₂O₂ scavenged (±SE) for each pure fluorescent protein at a series of concentrations (F ₍₃₎ = 10.81, P<0.001).

<p>The mean mM H₂O₂ scavenged (±SE) for each pure fluorescent protein at a series of concentrations (F ₍₃₎ = 10.81, P<0.001).</p

The mean relative FP concentration in inflamed and healthy tissue for a) RFP (RFU±SE) in <i>Porites</i> sp. (T ₍₂₎ = 13.0067, P = 0.05) and b) CP (absorbance at 588 nm±SE) in <i>A. millepora</i> (T ₍₂₎ = 4.0497, P = 0.05).

<p>The mean relative FP concentration in inflamed and healthy tissue for a) RFP (RFU±SE) in <i>Porites</i> sp. (T ₍₂₎ = 13.0067, P = 0.05) and b) CP (absorbance at 588 nm±SE) in <i>A. millepora</i> (T ₍₂₎ = 4.0497, P = 0.05).</p