A Review of Functional Safety Models for Public Safety Management Systems

This paper reviews various models used for enterprise process management systems and public safety systems. These models include probabilistic functional safety models, accident models such as causal-sequential event-based models, systemic models such as failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), reliability models, systemic models such as systems-theoretic accident model and processes (STAMP) model and cognitive models, among others. These models, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are discussed in detail. Existing public safety management systems and enterprise process management systems are also compared. Functionally safe communication systems for public safety, including those using wireless telecommunications such as LTE for Public Safety, are also discussed. In addition, this paper also explains some of the evolving legislation regarding managed energy and managed safety for both process and public management systems

PEDIATRIC PHARMACOKINETIC: INFLUENCE AND IMPORTANCE

Pharmacokinetic is the movement pattern of drug throughout the body. The study of Pharmacokinetic parameter is immense important during therapy which focus the accurate concentration of drug in plasma and its clearance. The study also suggests the appropriate doses and route of administration for rapid and successful action of Drug. In case of lower age group like pediatric community, the detail study of pharmacokinetic many times enables the safe use of drug as in case of Pediatric group many system like enzyme and excretion criteria are remaining in Underdeveloped condition. Population based models can also limit the sampling required from each individual by increasing the overall sample size to generate robust pharmacokinetic data. This review details key considerations in the design and development of pediatric Pharmacokinetic Parameter

A crossover clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of different oral hygiene regimens on the reduction of morning bad breath in healthy young adults

Context: Bad breath causes embarrassment and affects interpersonal social communication. Morning breath odor is a commonly encountered oral problem which should be rectified with effective oral hygiene measure. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of different oral hygiene regimens on the reduction of morning bad breath, plaque formation, and gingivitis in healthy young adults. Settings and Design: A four-step, crossover clinical trial was conducted among 40 young adults aged 18–22 years residing in one of the nongovernmental organizations in New Delhi. Materials and Methods: Study participants were divided into four groups, which underwent intervention for 7 days each. Group 1: tooth brushing; Group 2: tooth brushing and mouthwashing; Group 3: tooth brushing and tongue scraping; and Group 4: combination of all. A washout interval of 14 days was employed in between the groups. Breath scores were measured at three time intervals whereas oral health status was recorded at the beginning and the end of each interventional period. Statistical Analysis Used: Appropriate tests such as paired t-test, ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation tests were used in the study. Results: The highest reduction in mean value of breath scores (2.03 ± 0.69) was found in Group 4 followed by Group 3. Similarly, Group 4 showed the highest reduction in mean value of plaque score (0.79 ± 0.19) and gingival score (0.54 ± 0.23) followed by Group 2. Conclusion: Combination of mechanical and chemical oral hygiene measures is an effective regimen for the reduction of morning bad breath

Dermatoglyphics: An indicator of dental caries in humans

Introduction: Fingerprint analysis for personal identification is well-known, as it is unique to all individuals and remains unchanged over a lifetime. Now it is getting identified as a useful tool in understanding the basic questions in genetics and is emerging as an independent field in dentistry as dermatoglyphics. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess if any relationship can be established between fingerprint patterns with dental caries. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 dental students aged 18–26 years were selected using simple random sampling. Their fingerprints were recorded with duplicating InkPad and analyzed by Cummins Method and caries experience was clinically assessed by decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. Results: The dental caries experience was highest among students with whorl pattern (μ = 2.82) followed by the central pocket loop (μ = 2.60) and least among students with loop pattern (μ = 1.58). Furthermore, a significant relationship between twin loop pattern and dental caries was noticed (μ = 2.41); however, a negative correlation was observed for loops and arches with dental caries. Conclusion: The dental caries experience of an individual was associated fingerprints. Dermatoglyphics may be considered as a indicator of dental caries in humans

ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION OF NANO-SCALE PARASITIC MOTION IN FLEXURE-BASED SELECTIVELY COMPLIANT MECHANISMS

ABSTRACT Analytical modeling of selectively compliant mechanisms for quantifying the nano-scale parasitic motion is presented. Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are capable of meeting the demanding requirements of the partially constrained ultraprecision motion systems. However, the geometric errors induced by manufacturing tolerances can limit the precision capability. Understanding parasitic motion at the nano-scale necessitates a 3-D model even for mechanisms that are designed to be planar. A spatial kinematics based kinetostatic model is used here. This approach systematically accounts for the geometric errors, and enables estimation of the inherently spatial parasitic motion. Using insights from screw theory, the parasitic motion is classified into intrinsic mechanism errors, and errors that can be minimized by calibration procedures. A metric that quantifies the intrinsic parasitic motion and characterizes the precision capability of the mechanism is identified. Monte Carlo simulation is used to propagate the variance of the geometric errors through the model to determine the statistical moments of the chosen metric. To illustrate the approach, the modeling and analysis is applied to a classical four-bar mechanism with flexure joints. The model is further used to investigate the key system parameters that influence the intrinsic parasitic motion in the mechanism. The simulation results indicate more than 50% improvement in the precision capability of the four-bar mechanism by improved design of flexure joints, without changing the manufacturing tolerance limits

DETC2008-50111 ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARASITIC MOTION IN FLEXURE-BASED SELECTIVELY COMPLIANT PRECISION MECHANISMS

ABSTRACT Flexure-based selectively compliant mechanisms with less than six degrees of freedom are capable of meeting the demanding requirements of ultra precision positioning and Finally, the details of a test setup built to determine the parasitic motion of the one DOF rotational mechanism are presented. Experimental results indicate that the one DOF flexure mechanism is indeed executing screw motion rather than pure rotation. INTRODUCTION Nano-precision motion guidance forms a critical part of tools that are needed for fabrication, testing and metrology at the nano-scale. Ultra precision mechanisms with one two and three degrees of freedom motion are the foundation for applications like semiconductor fabrication [1, 2], materials scanning using AFM

Effectiveness of oral health education program using braille text in a group of visually impaired children-before and after comparison trial

CONTEXT: Vision is the most important sense for interpreting the world and when sight is impaired, especially in childhood it can have detrimental effects on one's life. To maintain the oral health status of such group requires special approach. AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of Braille text and verbal, oral hygiene instructions on the oral health status of visually impaired children. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective nonrandomized before and after comparison trial without any control group was conducted among 165 children aged 7–19 years residing in one of the blind schools in Delhi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was developed to record the source of oral health knowledge and practices. Oral health status of the children was evaluated by recording plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) scores at 1, 3, and 5 months intervals. Periodic reinforcement of oral health education was performed with the help of instructions in Braille language. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t-test and McNemar tests were used to assess the difference between the scores before and after oral health education. RESULTS: Among completely blind children, the mean difference of PI and GI score from baseline to the last evaluation was found to be 0.56 and 0.28, whereas among partially blind children, it was found to be 0.58 and 0.25, respectively. All the above values were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Visually impaired children irrespective of the degree of blindness could maintain an acceptable level of oral hygiene when taught using Braille text for instructions. However, continuous motivation and reinforcement at regular intervals are required for the maintenance of oral health status

Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists: A pilot cross-sectional survey

Introduction: Musculoskeletal symptoms are of major concern among dental practitioners. Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) has been reported to have a high prevalence among dentists in different parts of the world. Aim: To assess the prevalence of self-reported WRMSD among dental professionals in Gurgaon, one particular region of Delhi National Capital Region (NCR). Materials and Methods: A pilot cross-sectional survey of 250 dentists (response 81%) was done using a self-administered questionnaire, which consisted of 21 items based on the Nordic questionnaire for screening WRMSDs. Participants work related physical load characteristics, musculoskeletal symptom characteristics, etc., were evaluated. Results: A total of 206 dentists participated in the study, of which 106 were male, and 100 were female. The study yielded a prevalence of 81.06% (167 dentists) of which 79 males and 88 females were affected with MSD. There were 104 dentists who were young aged 20-29 years, 41 were 30-39 aged, 11 were above 40-49, and > 50 years suffered from MSDs. Around 59.2% young dentists aged 20-29 years, 24.2% were 30-39 years, 4.8% were 40-49 years, and 5.8% were above 50 years who were right handed, 2.9% dentists of 20-29 years age, 1.94% were 30-39 years, and 0.97% were 40-49 years who were left handed. Conclusion: This study found an overall prevalence rate of 81% among dentists with WRMSD in Delhi NCR. The measures for improving education and ergonomic evaluations are indicated on a large scale to prevent a decline in work performance and the incidence of WRMSDs among Delhi NCR dentists

An emerging trend: Hookah smoking among youth smokers in Gurgaon, Haryana

Introduction: Hookah is becoming the favorite form of tobacco use by youth globally. This problem has received more attention in recent years. Aim: The aim was to investigate the characteristics, behavior, and perceptions related to hookah smoking among the youth smokers in Gurgaon, Haryana. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifteen established hookah smokers participated in this study. Data were collected using a 28-item questionnaire, constructed using three main domains: Characteristics (sociodemographic and personal), behavior and perceptions (about harmful effects in comparison to cigarette smoking). Descriptive and Chi-square test were performed, and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant value. Results: The mean age of starting hookah smoking in the present study was 17.3 years. Hookah smoking on a daily basis was reported by 37.7% participants. Another 44.7% participants smoke hookah in hookah cafes with friends and the total number of participants who informed that hookah is easily available and accessible are 83.3%. The participants who were addicted to hookah smoking; light-headedness, dizziness and headache, post hookah smoking are 63.3%. About 60.9% participants had attempted to quit but restarted. Most of the participants 60-70% had misperception about the safety of hookah smoking over cigarette smoking, and 36-82% participants were unaware of health effects. Conclusions: Compared to cigarettes, there appears to be a lack of knowledge about the harmfulness of smoking hookah among users regardless of their demographic background. Education about the harmfulness of smoking hookah and policies to limit its use should be implemented to prevent the spread of this new form of tobacco use

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Not AvailableLowland tropical rice-rice system has a unique micrometrological characteristic that affects both energy component and net ecosystem energy. Periodic and seasonal variations of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy exchange from irrigated lowland rice-rice ecosystem were studied using open-path eddy covariance (EC) system during the dry (DS) and wet (WS) seasons in2015. Concurrently, the manual chamber method was employed in nitrous oxide (N2O) measurement efflux. Cumulative net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) was observed highest (− 232.55 g C m−2) during theWS and lowest (− 14.81 g C m−2) during wet fallow (WF). Similarly, the cumulative net ecosystem methane exchange (NEME) was found highest (13,456.5 mg CH4 m−2) during the WS and lowest (2014.3 mg CH4 m−2) during the WF. Surface energy fluxes, i.e., sensible (Hs) and latent heat (LE) fluxes, showed a similar trend. With the advancement of time, the ratio of ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary production (GPP) increased. The cumulative global warming potential (GWP) for the two cropping seasons including two fallows was 13,224.1 kg CO2 equivalent ha−1. The GWP and NEME showed a similar trend as soil enzymes and labile carbon pools in both seasons (except GWP at the harvesting stage in the wet season). The mean NEE exhibited a more negative value with decrease in labile pools from panicle initiation to harvesting stage in the WS. Soil labile C and soil enzymes can be used as an indicator of NEE, NEME, and GWP in lowland rice ecology.Not Availabl