Sex-specific and overall effect sizes (ES) for CV disease risk per 10 mm Hg increment in SBP.

<p>ES observations are ordered by baseline SBP values. The corresponding ES IDs are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170218#pone.0170218.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Assessing Sex Differences in the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality per Increment in Systolic Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Follow-Up Studies in the United States

<div><p>In the United States (US), cardiovascular (CV) disease accounts for nearly 20% of national health care expenses. Since costs are expected to increase with the aging population, informative research is necessary to address the growing burden of CV disease and sex-related differences in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Hypertension is a major risk factor for CV disease and mortality. To evaluate whether there are sex-related differences in the effect of systolic blood pressure (SBP) on the risk of CV disease and mortality, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify US-based studies published prior to 31 December, 2015. We identified eight publications for CV disease risk, which provided 9 female and 8 male effect size (ES) observations. We also identified twelve publications for CV mortality, which provided 10 female and 18 male ES estimates. Our meta-analysis estimated that the pooled ES for increased risk of CV disease per 10 mmHg increment in SBP was 25% for women (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.18, 1.32) and 15% for men (95% CI: 1.11, 1.19). The pooled increase in CV mortality per 10 mm Hg SBP increment was similar for both women and men (Women: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.23; Men: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.22). After adjusting for age and baseline SBP, the results demonstrated that the risk of CV disease per 10 mm Hg SBP increment for women was 1.1-fold higher than men (<i>P</i><0.01; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17). Heterogeneity was moderate but significant. There was no significant sex difference in CV mortality.</p></div

Characteristics of CV disease risk studies.

<p>Characteristics of CV disease risk studies.</p

Sex-specific and overall effect sizes (ES) for CV mortality per 10 mm Hg increment in SBP.

<p>ES observations are ordered by baseline SBP values. The corresponding ES IDs are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170218#pone.0170218.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Characteristics of CV mortality studies.

<p>Characteristics of CV mortality studies.</p

Flow chart of publication selection process.

<p>Flow chart of publication selection process.</p

Moderator estimators for CV disease risk and CV mortality.

<p>Moderator estimators for CV disease risk and CV mortality.</p

Venn diagram of the number of features with outliers detected by <i>iLOO</i> and <i>edgeR-robust</i>.

<p>The totals provided present the number of (a) single outlier features and (b) features with two detected outliers identified by <i>iLOO</i> and <i>edgeR-robust</i> in the control group of rat RNA-seq data.</p

Number of features with 0 through 4 detected outliers in the control group of rat RNA-seq data.

<p>Number of features with 0 through 4 detected outliers in the control group of rat RNA-seq data.</p

Flowchart of the iLOO algorithm.

<p>Flowchart of the iLOO algorithm.</p