An Analysis of the Textbook for Special Needs Schools “Useful for Everyday living” (Ⅲ) : Contents of Civics : A Study of Learning Difficulties Part 4

本研究は，本来の教育の理念を回復するために，特別支援教育の使命と理念である，“誰もがわかる，誰もが学ぶことができる”ことに学び，教育の新たな創造をめざすための予備的研究である。本研究では，つまずきは誰もが持っている教育の状態であり，特別に支援が必要な子どもだけではない。すべての子どもがつまずく可能性を持っている，と考え，学校の授業や活動についてすべての子どもたちが支障なく学ぶことができる状態を作り出すことが必要だろう，と仮定し，研究を進めている。 本稿は，第4稿として，研究の目的と仮説を確認したのち，公民的内容に焦点を当て，“特別支援学校”用社会教科書（『くらしに役立つ 社会』東洋館出版社，2007，以下，本教科書と略す）を“通常”学校用社会科公民教科書と比較し，研究仮説の妥当性を検討する。 検討の結果明らかにした点は，次の3点である。第1に，容易性の観点に関しては，学習に見通しを立てること，具体的なイメージ（表や図）を示すことで，内容の理解を容易にしている。第2に，決断性の観点に関しては，学習の見通しを容易にすることにより，学習の具体的な行為を提示している。第3に，行為随伴性に関しては，制度やしくみが目的を持ったものと理解し，それを生活で活用することを想定できるようにしている。This research is the preliminary study to aim at educational new creation especially which are the mission of the special support education, “everyone can know and everyone can learn.” to restore an idea of the original education. In this research failure is in the educational state everyone has, not only the child who needs support especially. Our research team is thinking a possibility that all children fail and learning difficulty to have, supposes that it will be necessary to create the states that all children can learn without a trouble in a class and the activity of the school and push forward a study. This paper is the fourth consideration. It at first confirms the purpose of a study and the hypothesis, compares the Social Studies Textbook for the Special School“ Useful for Everyday living” and social studies textbooks for “usual” middle school focused on civics contents and considers the validity of the research hypothesis. As a result of consideration, we did the three following findings. First, the level of simplicity is related to making the contents easier to understand, involving the prediction of next steps in learning and the depiction of clear images (tables and diagrams). Second, in terms of determinism, concrete actions can involve facilitating the prediction of next steps in learning. Third, perceptional action coupling could provide a deeper understanding of the purpose of the systems and mechanisms, and could foster hypotheses about their applications in daily life

Crystal Structure of the Formin mDia1 in Autoinhibited Conformation

Formin proteins utilize a conserved formin homology 2 (FH2) domain to nucleate new actin filaments. In mammalian diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) the FH2 domain is inhibited through an unknown mechanism by intramolecular binding of the diaphanous autoinhibitory domain (DAD) and the diaphanous inhibitory domain (DID).Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between DID and FH2-DAD fragments of the mammalian DRF, mDia1 (mammalian diaphanous 1 also called Drf1 or p140mDia). The structure shows a tetrameric configuration (4 FH2 + 4 DID) in which the actin-binding sites on the FH2 domain are sterically occluded. However biochemical data suggest the full-length mDia1 is a dimer in solution (2 FH2 + 2 DID). Based on the crystal structure, we have generated possible dimer models and found that architectures of all of these models are incompatible with binding to actin filament but not to actin monomer. Furthermore, we show that the minimal functional monomeric unit in the FH2 domain, termed the bridge element, can be inhibited by isolated monomeric DID. NMR data on the bridge-DID system revealed that at least one of the two actin-binding sites on the bridge element is accessible to actin monomer in the inhibited state.Our findings suggest that autoinhibition in the native DRF dimer involves steric hindrance with the actin filament. Although the structure of a full-length DRF would be required for clarification of the presented models, our work here provides the first structural insights into the mechanism of the DRF autoinhibition

Equations of State for Hadronic Matter and Mass-Radius Relations of Neutron Stars with Strong Magnetic Fields

Neutron star is an important object for us to verify the equation of state of hadronic matter. For a specific choice of equations of state, mass and radius of a neutron star are determined, for which there are constraints from observations. According to some previous studies, since the strong magnetic field acts as a repulsive force, there is a possibility that neutron stars with strong magnetic fields may have relatively heavier masses than other non-magnetized neutron stars. In this paper, the structure of a neutron star with a strong internal magnetic field is investigated by changing its internal functional form to see how much the neutron star can be massive and also how radius of a neutron star can be within a certain range

Equations of State for Hadronic Matter and Mass-Radius Relations of Neutron Stars with Strong Magnetic Fields

Neutron star is an important object for us to verify the equation of state of hadronic matter. For a specific choice of equations of state, mass and radius of a neutron star are determined, for which there are constraints from observations. According to some previous studies, since the strong magnetic field acts as a repulsive force, there is a possibility that neutron stars with strong magnetic fields may have relatively heavier masses than other non-magnetized neutron stars. In this paper, the structure of a neutron star with a strong internal magnetic field is investigated by changing its internal functional form to see how much the neutron star can be massive and also how radius of a neutron star can be within a certain range

Polarimetric Decomposition Analysis of ALOS PALSAR Observation Data before and after a Landslide Event

Radar scattering mechanisms over landslide areas were studied using representative full polarimetric parameters: Freeman–Durden decomposition, and eigenvalue–eigenvector decomposition. Full polarimetric ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite) PALSAR (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) datasets were used to examine landslides caused by the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake in northern Japan. The Freeman–Durden decomposition indicates that areas affected by large-scale landslides show dominance of the surface scattering component in both ascending and descending orbit data. The polarimetric parameters of eigenvalue–eigenvector decomposition, such as entropy, anisotropy, and alpha angle, were also computed over the landslide areas. Unsupervised classification based on the <em>H-</em><em> </em>plane explicitly distinguishes landslide areas from others such as forest, water, and snow-covered areas, but does not perform well for farmland. A landslide area is difficult to recognize from a single-polarization image, whereas it is clearly extracted on the full polarimetric data obtained after the earthquake. From these results, we conclude that 30-m resolution full polarimetric data are more useful than 10-m resolution single-polarization PALSAR data in classifying land coverage, and are better suited to detect landslide areas. Additional information, such as pre-landslide imagery, is needed to distinguish landslide areas from farmland or bare soil

Rapid tin-mediated access to a lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) library: Application to positional LC/MS analysis for hepatic LPEs in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model mice

Even though lysophospholipids have attracted much interest in recent years on account of their unique bioactivity, research related to lysophospholipids is usually hampered by problems associated with standard sample preparation and discrimination of regioisomers. Herein, we demonstrate a quick tinchemistry-based synthetic route to lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) and its application in the positional analysis of hepatic LPEs in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model mice. We found that the preference of hepatic LPE regioisomer largely depends on the unsaturation of acyl chain in both control and NASH model mice. In addition, hepatic C18:2-LPE and C20:5-LPE levels were significantly lower in the NASH model mice than those in the control. The LC/MS technique based on the library of LPE regioisomers allows an accurate observation of hepatic LPE metabolism and might provide useful information to elucidate yet ambiguous pathogenesis of NASH