Similar solutions for viscous hypersonic flow over a slender three-fourths-power body of revolution

For hypersonic flow with a shock wave, there is a similar solution consistent throughout the viscous and inviscid layers along a very slender three-fourths-power body of revolution The strong pressure interaction problem can then be treated by the method of similarity. Numerical calculations are performed in the viscous region with the edge pressure distribution known from the inviscid similar solutions. The compressible laminar boundary-layer equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. The resulting two-point boundary value problem is then solved by the Runge-Kutta method with a modified Newton's method for the corresponding boundary conditions. The effects of wall temperature, mass bleeding, and body transverse curvature are investigated. The induced pressure, displacement thickness, skin friction, and heat transfer due to the previously mentioned parameters are estimated and analyzed

Numerical calculations of turbulent reacting flow in a gas-turbine combustor

A numerical study for confined, axisymmetrical, turbulent diffusion flames is presented. Local mean gas properties are predicted by solving the appropriate conservation equations in the finite difference form with the corresponding boundary conditions. The k-epsilon two-equation turbulence model is employed to describe the turbulent nature of the flow. A two-step kinetic model is assumed to govern the reaction mechanism. The finite reaction rate is the smaller of an Arrhenius type of reaction rate and a modified version of eddy-breakup model. Reasonable agreement is observed between calculations and measurements, but to obtain better agreement, more work is needed on improvements of the above mathematical models. However, the present numerical study offers an improvement in the analysis and design of the gas turbine combustors

Numerical studies of the effects of jet-induced mixing on liquid-vapor interface condensation

Numerical solutions of jet-induced mixing in a partially full cryogenic tank are presented. An axisymmetric laminar jet is discharged from the central part of the tank bottom toward the liquid-vapor interface. Liquid is withdrawn at the same volume flow rate from the outer part of the tank. The jet is at a temperature lower than the interface, which is maintained at a certain saturation temperature. The interface is assumed to be flat and shear-free and the condensation-induced velocity is assumed to be negligibly small compared with radial interface velocity. Finite-difference method is used to solve the nondimensional form of steady state continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Calculations are conducted for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 150 to 600 and Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.85 to 2.65. The effects of above stated parameters on the condensation Nusselt and Stanton numbers which characterize the steady-state interface condensation process are investigated. Detailed analysis to gain a better understanding of the fundamentals of fluid mixing and interface condensation is performed

Gene Regulation by Riboswitches with and without Negative Feedback Loop

Riboswitches, structured elements in the untranslated regions of messenger RNAs, regulate gene expression by binding specific metabolites. We introduce a kinetic network model that describes the functions of riboswitches at the systems level. Using experimental data for flavin mono nucleotide riboswitch as a guide we show that efficient function, implying a large dynamic range without compromising the requirement to suppress transcription, is determined by a balance between the transcription speed, the folding and unfolding rates of the aptamer, and the binding rates of the metabolite. We also investigated the effect of negative feedback accounting for binding to metabolites, which are themselves the products of genes that are being regulated. For a range of transcription rates negative feedback suppresses gene expression by nearly 10 fold. Negative feedback speeds the gene expression response time, and suppresses the change of steady state protein concentration by half relative to that without feedback, when there is a modest spike in DNA concentration. A dynamic phase diagram expressed in terms of transcription speed, folding rates, and metabolite binding rates predicts different scenarios in riboswitch-mediated transcription regulation.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

The internet milieu: individualization within a globalised community

Communication technologies have become deeply embedded in our lives, mediating the ways in which information is presented. Due to the global nature of this channel of communication, the world has shrunk and members of the internet may share similar cultural norms of thinking and behaving. Yet, paradoxically, the Internet is personal in that each individual has an interactive opportunity in choosing the options that can expand the breadth and depth of the information they are reading, who they interact with, and the means to achieve that interaction. These options can be expressed through a variety of media techniques. This paper is based on a study of selected websites hosted in English. It looks at language use in the Internet and illustrates the paradoxes between global and individual mediations of meanin

Mean field equations, hyperelliptic curves and modular forms: II

A pre-modular form $Z_n(\sigma; \tau)$ of weight $\tfrac{1}{2} n(n + 1)$ is introduced for each $n \in \Bbb N$, where $(\sigma, \tau) \in \Bbb C \times \Bbb H$, such that for $E_\tau = \Bbb C/(\Bbb Z + \Bbb Z \tau)$, every non-trivial zero of $Z_n(\sigma; \tau)$, namely $\sigma \not\in E_\tau[2]$, corresponds to a (scaling family of) solution to the mean field equation \begin{equation} \tag{MFE} \triangle u + e^u = \rho \, \delta_0 \end{equation} on the flat torus $E_\tau$ with singular strength $\rho = 8\pi n$. In Part I (Cambridge J. Math. 3, 2015), a hyperelliptic curve $\bar X_n(\tau) \subset {\rm Sym}^n E_\tau$, the Lam\'e curve, associated to the MFE was constructed. Our construction of $Z_n(\sigma; \tau)$ relies on a detailed study on the correspondence $\Bbb P^1 \leftarrow \bar X_n(\tau) \to E_\tau$ induced from the hyperelliptic projection and the addition map. As an application of the explicit form of the weight 10 pre-modular form $Z_4(\sigma; \tau)$, a counting formula for Lam\'e equations of degree $n = 4$ with finite monodromy is given in the appendix (by Y.-C. Chou).Comment: 32 pages. Part of content in previous versions is removed and published separately. One author is remove