Scale-up of ART in Malawi has reduced case notification rates in HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis.

Setting: For 30 years, Malawi has experienced a dual epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) that has recently begun to be attenuated by the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Objective: To report on the correlation between ART scale-up and annual national TB case notification rates (CNR) in Malawi, stratified by HIV-positive and HIV-negative status, from 2005 to 2015. Design: A retrospective descriptive ecological study using aggregate data from national reports. Results: From 2005 to 2015, ART was scaled up in Malawi from 28 470 to 618 488 total patients, with population coverage increasing from 2.4% to 52.2%. During this time, annual TB notifications declined by 35%, from 26 344 to 17 104, and the TB CNR per 100 000 population declined by 49%, from 206 to 105. HIV testing uptake increased from 51% to 92%. In known HIV-positive TB patients, the CNR decreased from a high of 1247/100 000 to 710/100 000, a 43% decrease. In known HIV-negative TB patients, the CNR also decreased, from a high of 66/100 000 to 49/100 000, a 26% decrease. Conclusion: TB case notifications have continued to decline in association with ART scale-up, with the decline seen more in HIV-positive than HIV-negative TB. These findings have programmatic implications for national TB control efforts

Decline in adverse outcomes and death in tuberculosis patients in Malawi: association with HIV interventions.

Between 2000 and 2012, the annual numbers of patients treated for tuberculosis (TB) in Malawi declined by 28%, from 28 234 to 20 463. During this time, the proportion of TB patients tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increased from 6% to 87%. Most HIV-infected patients received cotrimoxazole preventive therapy, and the proportion receiving antiretroviral therapy increased to 88%. Between 2000 and 2008 there was a significant decline in all adverse outcomes (from 31% to 14%), and particularly in deaths (from 23% to 10%) and loss to follow-up (from 5.2% to 1.9%, P < 0.001). After 2008, there was no decrease in any adverse outcome. Ways to further reduce TB-associated mortality are discussed