An Integrative Review of Clinical Outcome Assessments Used to Measure Carryover Effects of Exoskeletons and Functional Electrical Stimulation in Spinal Cord Injury

Introduction Functional electrical stimulation (FES) and exoskeletons are rehabilitation technologies that provide direct functional ability and potential carryover effects Carryover effects may be due to neuromuscular recovery, behavioral compensation, or a combination of both (Figure 1) Clinical outcome assessments (COAs) are used to measure recovery of function with and without the device o

Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience

There is growing public awareness of the ethical issues raised by progress in many areas of neuroscience. This commentary reviews the issues, which are triaged in terms of their novelty and their imminence, with an exploration of the relevant ethical principles in each case