Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense leaves in rats and mice

Methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense was evaluated for possible anti-nociceptive, antiinflammatory and anti-pyretic activities in mice and rats. Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test in mice and formalin test in rats were used to investigate the antinociceptive effect of the extract. Studies were carried out on yeast-induced pyrexia and egg albumin-induced anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The extract produced a significant decrease in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and inhibition of late phase of the formalin pain test in rats. The methanolic extract of B. buonopozense leaf also produced a potent antipyretic effect and significant inhibition of egg  albumin-induced antiinflammatory activity in rats. The result suggests that B. buonopozense contains biologically active substances with potential values for the treatment of fever, painful and inflammatory conditions.Keywords: Bombax buonopozense; analgesic, inflammation, pyrexia

Studies on the anti-ulcer properties of ethanolic leaf extracts of uvaria Chamae

The leaf extract of the plant Uvaria chamae family Annonoceace was extracted with 70% ethanol, and the ethanolic extract were tested for antiulceractivities. The LD50 done in albino mice (20 – 25g) showed safety margin above 5000mg/kg. The ethanolic extracts were tested for anti-ulcer activities U-chamae showed a better anti ulcer activity on albino wistar rats compared toCimetidine a standard anti-ulcer drug. Ulcer was induced in the animals using Indomethacin, Histamine and Stress models. In all these threemodels of ulcer induction, the ethanolic leaf extract showed a better anti-ulcer activities, which is statistical significant at P > 0.05. These antiulcereffects of the extracts may explain the rational for the use of the plant extract in traditional medicine as a popular anti-ulcer/stomach acherecipe

The Teratogenic Effect Of Ramipril In Mice

Objective: Ramipril was studied to know it teratogenic effect in mice. Methods: A total of 36 mice were used – 24 females and 12 males. After mating, 4 groups of pregnant mice were administered with remipril 2.4mg/kg, and 10.0mg/kg, except for the control group. Three days to the 21 days gestation period, the animals were sacrificed. Results: Three groups had liver litters numbering about 35 – 46 per group but the group that received the high dose (10.0mg/kg) had 35 dead litters. Twenty – one of the dead ones had complete bodies while eight had missing limbs and the other six had no heads. Histological analysis showed maternal toxicity. There were lesions and necrosis of the hepatocytes of the liver of the group that received high dose and medium dose, though the lesions were less in those that received medium dose of ramipril. There were cardiac muscle clumping and necrosis in the heart of the high dose group with slight effect on that of the medium dose group. Conclusion: Therefore, at a high dose, ramipril possessed teratogenic effect and maternal toxicity. Keywords: Rramipril, Ttertratogenic Effect, Maternal ToxicityTropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 12 (1) 2008: pp. 22-2

Evaluation of the anti-fertility effect of Garcinia Kola Seeds on male – Guineapigs

In Nigeria, West Africa, Garcinia Kola seed is widely use for social, therapeutic and nutritional purposes. In recent times, there have beenreports about its negative effects on male fertility. In view of this, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Garcinia Kola seed on malefertility indices. 2Kg of the Garcinia Kola seed was first air dried, ground into fine powder using a grinder; then extracted with 2.5litres of ethanol using soxhlet extractor and evaporated to dryness using rotary evaporator. The LD50 investigations carried-out on adult albino-mice1 indicated that the extract is safe. 150mg/kg of Garcinia Kola seed extract reconstituted in 5ml of 3% Tween 85 was given to each experimental animal (male Guinea pigs) daily for a duration of (4weeks Group B) (Group C & Group D--16 weeks). Group A served as control. Group D at the end of 16weeks dosing of Garcinia Kola seed extract were allowed additional 4weeks as a recovery period. The animals were housed 5per cage and labeled according tothe duration of extract they received. At the end of the study duration the animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia. The abdomen was cutopenand blood withdrawn from the heart by cardiac puncture for serum testosterone level assay and hematological investigations. Also thesemen analysis was carried out for each set of animals using sodium bicarbonate formalin diluting fluid viewed under x 10 power Olympusmicroscope. From the results of this study, Garcinia Kola seed produced decreased serum testosterone levels, decreased semen counts, decreased semen motility, all these effects were duration dependent and were reversible

Investigation Into The Antibacterial And Antidiarrhoeal Properties Of Water And Ethanolic Extracts Of Psidium Guava Leaves

Objective: The water extract (WE) and ethanol extract (EE) of Psidium guava Leaf were carried out for antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal effects using patients stool and animal models. The antibacterial sensitivity tests were based on their zone of inhibition for six species of bacteria which include: Aeromonas hydrophila, 22±4mm; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18±2mm; Shigella dysenteriae, 17±1mm; Bacillus subtilis, 16±3mm; Staphylococcus aureus, 13±1mm; and Escherichia coli, 12±2mm. Result: Their minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC, and minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC, were respectively: Aeromonas hydrophila, 3mg/ml and 5mg/ml; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6mg/ml and 9mg/ml; Bacillus subtilis, 25mg/ml and 40mg/ml; Staphylococcus aureus, 50mg/ml and 84mg/ml; while Escherichia coil gave 100mg/ml and 132mg/ml, respectively. Antidiarrhoeal effect of both the water and ethanol extracts, compared with the standard drug diphenoxylate was, clearly showed significant reduction in faecal output and protection from castor oil – induced diarrhoea in the albino rat. Conclusion: The extracts also significantly (

Phytochemistry And The Anti-Bacterial Properties Of The Leaf Extracts Of Napolenaea imperialis (Mkpodu)

Methods: Leaf of Napolenaea imperialis was chemically screened for the presence, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugar, phenols, steroid, fats and oils. Result: The antimicrobial study of Napolenaea imperialis showed that the aqueous extract of this plant inhibited the growth of the test organisms in the order of klebsiella spp > Staphyoccus, aureus and Escherichia coli> Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Coliform, while the anti-microbial study of the ethanol extract of Napolenaea imperialis inhibited the growth of the test organisms in the order of klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus > pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coliform. Conclusion: Its anti-microbial activities and the presence of some bioactive agents support its use in herbal medicine. Keywords: Anti bacterial properties, leafextrats, Napolenaea imperialisTropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 12 (1) 2008: pp. 14-1

Evaluation of the anti microbial properties of themethanol extract of Mitracarpus scarber leave

The antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of Mitracarpus scarber, a species used in folk medicine by West Africa native people wasinvestigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Nesseria gonorrhea, Candidaalbican, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The extract possesses both antibacterial and antimycotic activities. The extract showed a statistically significant (

The effect of L-Ascorbic acid on the choline chloride toxicity in mice

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The Schizonticidal responses to chloroquine sulfate quinine dihydrochloride and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamie combinations in malarial patients in Nnewi, Anambra State of Nigeria

The emergence of malaria resistant to one or more classes of anti-malarials constitutes a major problem in chemotherapy of this disease. Hence a study was carried out to monitor the degree of sensitivity of different schizonticidal response to chloroquine sulphate, quinine dihydrochloride and sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine (s/p) combination in malarial patients in Nnewi. From this study, we discovered that pyrimethamine+sulfadoxine has the highest sensitivity to P. falciparim species of malaria and this was closely followed by quinine dihydro-chloride and chloroquine sulphate running a distant third place. The study therefore suggests that pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine should be chosen as a drug of first choice in treatment of p.falciparum specie of malaria parasite in Nnewi Anambra State. Key Words: Chloroquine, Quinine, Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine, malarial patient. Journal of Biomedical Investigation Vol.1 2003: 28-3

Pharmacokinetics Of Artemether-Lumefantrine Combination Therapy In Malaria Chemotherapy

Objectives: The therapeutic effects of artemether monotherapy compared to artemether-lumefantrine combined therapy in malaria based on their pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, elimination constants, area under the curve, bioavailability, volume of distribution and half-lives were investigated. Methods: Design was by single blind technique at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Ihiala, Anambra State, Nigeria. Presence and concentration of Plasmodium falciparum in the patients' blood were confirmed by microscopy. Analysis of blood samples for drug. Concentration was by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). Results: Results showed that peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 12.22±0.11µg for monotherapy and 82±0.8µg for combination therapy Area under the curve (AUC) was 756±0.11µ h-1ml-1for monotherapy and 415±0.11µh-1ml-1 for combination therapy. Apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 317±0.5ml for monotherapy and 23±0.1ml for combination therapy. Bioavailability (f) was 0.4±0.00 for monotherapy and 0.12±0.00 for combination therapy. Absorption rate constant (Ka) was 18±0.11 h-1 for monotherapy and 15±0.11 h-1 for combination therapy. Elimination rate constant (Kel) was 0.33±0.00 h-1 for monotherapy and 0.29±0.00 h-1 for combination therapy, since elimination constant calculates half-lives of the drugs. Conclusion: Results indicate significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters employed, particularly of artemether (2.1±0.03) as control with short elimination half-life and artemether – lumefartrine (2.3±0.01h-1) with longer elimination half-life. These significant variations might be attributed to the enhanced effect of the combined drugs possibly due to synergistic effect. Keywords: Pharmacokinetics, Artemether, Lumefantrine, Monotherapy, combination therapy, Plasmodium falciparum.Tropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 12 (1) 2008: pp. 9-1