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Coefficients (estimates with 95% confidence interval) of NDVI of (A) March, (B) July, and (C) October in GLMMs.

<p>The coefficients are adjusted for race (percentage of different populations at a school, including African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Non-Hispanic), gender (percentage of female student), language ability (percentage of first language not English), income level (percentage of low income student), student/teacher ratio, attendance, and location (county of school) in generalized linear mixed models.</p><p>*indicates P-value<0.05;</p><p>**indicates P-value<0.01.</p><p>Coefficients (estimates with 95% confidence interval) of NDVI of (A) March, (B) July, and (C) October in GLMMs.</p

NDVI values for year 2012 (March 21) and location of schools included in this study.

<p>Green to red represents the greenness level from high to low.</p

Population of the five major cities of Massachusetts in 2013.

<p>The number in parenthesis indicates the percentage relative to the total population of Massachusetts (information obtained from US Census Bureau 2013).</p><p>Population of the five major cities of Massachusetts in 2013.</p

Descriptive statistics of the 905 schools in Massachusetts during 2006 to 2012 (n = 6333).

<p>Descriptive statistics of the 905 schools in Massachusetts during 2006 to 2012 (n = 6333).</p

Higher Particulate Matter Deposition in Alveolar Region Could Accelerate Body Fat Accumulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate associations of particulate matter (PM) of less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and PM deposition with nocturnal changes in body composition in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. A bioelectric impedance analysis was used to measure the pre- and postsleep body composition of 185 OSA patients. Annual exposure to PM2.5 was estimated by the hybrid kriging/land-use regression model. A multiple-path particle dosimetry model was employed to estimate PM deposition in lung regions. We observed that an increase in the interquartile range (IQR) (1 μg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a 20.1% increase in right arm fat percentage and a 0.012 kg increase in right arm fat mass in OSA (p < 0.05). We observed that a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM deposition in lung regions (i.e., total lung region, head and nasal region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region) was associated with increases in changes of fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm (β coefficient) (p < 0.05). The β coefficients decreased as follows: alveolar region > head and nasal region > tracheobronchial region > total lung region (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that an increase in PM deposition in lung regions, especially in the alveolar region, could be associated with nocturnal changes in the fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm. PM deposition in the alveolar region could accelerate the body fat accumulation in OSA

Green vegetation (left) absorbs visible light and reflects near-infrared light; Sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near-infrared light.

<p>The NDVI is the ratio of absorbed visible light and reflected near-infrared to the total amount of visible and near infrared radiation striking a surface.</p

Massachusetts population distribution based on the 2010 U.S. Census.

<p>Red to green indicate higher to lower populated areas.</p