Antioxidant effects of EE-AC.

<p>(A) Determination of DPPH-scavenging ability. (B) Measurement of SOD-like-scavenging activity. Vitamin C (Vit C) was used as a positive control. Values are represented as percentage of negative control (C; 0.1% DMSO). Data are presented as mean ± SD. **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Total polysaccharides, 1,3-β-D-glucan, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids of <i>A</i>. <i>camphorata</i> fruiting body.

<p>Total polysaccharides, 1,3-β-D-glucan, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids of <i>A</i>. <i>camphorata</i> fruiting body.</p

Effects of EE-AC on the induction of apoptosis in B16-F0 cells.

<p>(A) Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or IC₅₀ values of cisplatin (10 μM) or EE-AC (50 μg/mL) for 48 h and then stained with annexin V-FITC and PI. The annexin V-FITC signal is shown on the X axis; the PI signal is shown on the Y axis. A representative dot plot of the FACScan profile shows the percentage of early apoptotic cells in the right-bottom panel of each plot. (B) Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or cisplatin (10 μM), or EE-AC (50 μg/mL) for 48 h. Nuclear morphology was examined with an inverted fluorescence microscope. Arrows indicate condensed or fragmented nuclei. Scale bars represent 10 μm.</p

Effects of cisplatin and the ethanolic extract of <i>Antrodia camphorata</i> fruiting body (EE-AC) on cell cycle regulation in B16-F0 cells.

<p>Effects of cisplatin and the ethanolic extract of <i>Antrodia camphorata</i> fruiting body (EE-AC) on cell cycle regulation in B16-F0 cells.</p

The cytotoxic effect of EE-AC on B16-F0 cells.

<p>Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or various concentrations of drug for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. (A) Cytotoxicity of cisplatin against B16-F0 cells. (B) Cytotoxicity of EE-AC against B16-F0 cells (Black bars) or HEK-293 cells (Grey bars).</p

Anti-melanogenic effect of EE-AC in cell-free system.

<p>(A) Determination of Cu⁺² reducing power of EE-AC. Vitamin C (Vit C) was used as a reference antioxidant. Values are significantly different by comparison with the negative control (C; 0.1% DMSO), and the data are presented as mean ± SD. **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001. (B) Determination of mushroom tyrosinase activity. Kojic acid was used as a positive control. Results are represented as percentages of negative control (0.1% DMSO), and the data are presented as mean ± SD. Values are significantly different by comparison with the negative control. *<i>p</i> < 0.05; **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

EE-AC inhibits the motility of B16-F0 cells.

<p>B16-F0 cells were scratched and treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or IC₅₀ values of cisplatin (10 μM) or EE-AC (50 μg/mL). Inhibition of migration was observed using a phase contrast microscope (100 × magnification) at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h (Top panel), and the closure of the wound area was calculated (bottom panel). Values are significantly different by comparison with the cisplatin group. *<i>p</i> < 0.05; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Performance Characterization of Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics under Indoor Lighting

Indoor utilization of emerging photovoltaics is promising; however, efficiency characterization under room lighting is challenging. We report the first round-robin interlaboratory study of performance measurement for dye-sensitized photovoltaics (cells and mini-modules) and one silicon solar cell under a fluorescent dim light. Among 15 research groups, the relative deviation in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the samples reaches an unprecedented 152%. On the basis of the comprehensive results, the gap between photometry and radiometry measurements and the response of devices to the dim illumination are identified as critical obstacles to the correct PCE. Therefore, we use an illuminometer as a prime standard with a spectroradiometer to quantify the intensity of indoor lighting and adopt the reverse-biased current–voltage (<i>I</i>–<i>V</i>) characteristics as an indicator to qualify the <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> sampling time for dye-sensitized photovoltaics. The recommendations can brighten the prospects of emerging photovoltaics for indoor applications