Image operator learning coupled with CNN classification and its application to staff line removal

Many image transformations can be modeled by image operators that are characterized by pixel-wise local functions defined on a finite support window. In image operator learning, these functions are estimated from training data using machine learning techniques. Input size is usually a critical issue when using learning algorithms, and it limits the size of practicable windows. We propose the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to overcome this limitation. The problem of removing staff-lines in music score images is chosen to evaluate the effects of window and convolutional mask sizes on the learned image operator performance. Results show that the CNN based solution outperforms previous ones obtained using conventional learning algorithms or heuristic algorithms, indicating the potential of CNNs as base classifiers in image operator learning. The implementations will be made available on the TRIOSlib project site.Comment: To appear in ICDAR 201

Urbane Dörfer: räumliche Entgrenzungsprozesse und parzellierte Gemeinschaftsformen

A-Dorf liegt im Einzugsgebiet von zwei Großstädten und besteht seit dem Jahr 953. Ursprünglich und für den größten Teil seiner Geschichte war das Dorf eine bäuerliche Siedlung, hat aber seit den 1950er-Jahren einen deutlichen sozialstrukturellen Wandel durchgemacht. Die Einwohnerschaft hat sich seit den 1970er-Jahren durch Neubaugebiete nahezu verdoppelt. Insbesondere die Zugezogenen weisen eine eher pragmatische, zweckrationale Ortsbindung auf und sind überlokal orientiert. Ihr Lebens- und Aktionsraum geht weit über die Grenzen des Dorfes hinaus. Dies hat auch Konsequenzen für dörfliche Formen der Gemeinschaftsbildung, die inzwischen weit stärker Ergebnisse von individuellen Selektionen sind und nicht mehr durch Strukturen des Kontextes erzwungen werden. Sehr deutlich wurde dies z. B. bei den Beziehungen zu Nachbarn/ innen oder dörflichen Vereinen und Interessengruppen. »Die« Dorfgemeinschaft im Singular wird ersetzt durch interessenspezifische Teilgemeinschaften.»A-Village« is located in the catchment area of two major cities and exists since 1953. Originally, and for the most part of its history, it was a rural village, but since the 1950s it went through a major change concerning its social structure. The number of inhabitants has almost doubled since the 1970s, due to housing estates. Especially the recent settlers have a more pragmatic and function-guided binding to the village and are globally orientated. Their space of living and action exceeds the narrow boundaries of the village to a greater extent. These facts have consequences for the way of forming communities, and are less the implications of contextual structures, but reflect more results of selections by individuals. This is evident, for example, in the case of relations with neighbours or associations and interest groups. The »village-community« in the singular is being replaced by segmented communities, which are being formed to serve special interests

Facet contact stresses values before and after interbody cages insertion; Supplemented screw stresses values, separately, before and after interbody cages insertion

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Biomechanical comparison of a new stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion cage with established fixation techniques – a three-dimensional finite element analysis"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/88</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9():88-88.</p><p>Published online 18 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2442839.</p><p></p

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics associated with the risk of NEC in preterm infants.

<p>Meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics associated with the risk of NEC in preterm infants.</p

Flowchart showing the selection of studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis.

<p>Flowchart showing the selection of studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis.</p

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics associated with the risk of death in preterm infants.

<p>Meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics associated with the risk of death in preterm infants.</p

MOESM5 of Optimized reduced representation bisulfite sequencing reveals tissue-specific mCHH islands in maize

Additional file 5. Results of TE methylation profiling

Prooxidative and inflammatory effects of PFOS in cell proliferation and apoptosis.

<p>(A) RTC proliferation was assessed after 24 and 40 h of PFOS treatment by using Cellometer Mini cell counter. (B) RTCs with 24 h of PFOS exposure were evaluated for apoptosis after staining for TUNEL assay. Red represents positive staining for apoptosis. Identical fields were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole to reveal the positions of cell nuclei. Micrographs of representative fields were recorded, and the magnification was ×200. (C) Cells were treated with PFOS for 6 h for western blot analysis of NFAT3, Sirt1, PPARγ, and NFκB-p65 or for 18 h for Bcl-xL, Bcl-xS, and Caspase 3 analysis. Samples consisted of total cell lysates or cytosolic–nuclear fractions as indicated. The bar chart shows the normalized intensities of each protein band. Lamin A/C and GAPDH were used as internal controls for the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively whereas alpha tubulin serves as loading control for whole cell lysates. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4). Data from a representative experiment are shown. Significant difference: *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs. control.</p

Protective effect of L-carnitine in PFOS-mediated RTC cytotoxicity through reduced Sirt1 cytosolic sequestration and increased expression of antioxidative enzymes.

<p>The methods used in (A) and (B) are similar to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155190#pone.0155190.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>, except that cells were pretreated with L-carnitine for 24 h, followed by the PFOS challenge. (C) L-carnitine-mediated alterations in inflammatory cytokines and antioxidative enzymes were analyzed using RT-PCR. RTCs were pretreated with L-carnitine for 24 h, followed by the PFOS challenge for 6 h to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine on PFOS-mediated mRNA transcription, including that of TNFα, MCP1, ICAM1, Gpx-1, SOD-1, and catalase. GAPDH was used as an internal control. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM of the results of four independent experiments (*<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs. control; ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs. PFOS-treated group).</p

Kaplan-Meier plots of DSS and DFS in OSCC patients who had disease relapse at the retropharyngeal lymph node identified by FDG PET/CT.

<p>Kaplan-Meier plots of DSS and DFS in OSCC patients who had disease relapse at the retropharyngeal lymph node identified by FDG PET/CT.</p