A bio-inspired computing model for ovarian carcinoma classification and oncogene detection

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the western world for 2013. In ovarian cancer, benign tumors turn malignant, but the point of transition is difficult to predict and diagnose. The 5-year survival rate of all types of ovarian cancer is 44%, but this can be improved to 92% if the cancer is found and treated before it spreads beyond the ovary. However, only 15% of all ovarian cancers are found at this early stage. Therefore, the ability to automatically identify and diagnose ovarian cancer precisely and efficiently as the tissue changes from benign to invasive is important for clinical treatment and for increasing the cure rate. This study proposes a new ovarian carcinoma classification model using two algorithms: a novel discretization of food sources for an artificial bee colony (DfABC), and a support vector machine (SVM). For the first time in the literature, oncogene detection using this method is also investigated

Low pressure radio-frequency oxygen plasma induced oxidation of titanium--surface characteristics and biological effects.

OBJECTIVE: This research was designed to investigate the effects of low pressure radio-frequency (RF) oxygen plasma treatment (OPT) on the surface of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti6Al4V. Surface topography, elemental composition, water contact angle, cell viability, and cell morphology were surveyed to evaluate the biocompatibility of titanium samples with different lengths of OP treating time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V discs were both classified into 4 groups: untreated, treated with OP generated by using oxygen (99.98%) for 5, 10, and 30 min, respectively. After OPT on CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V samples, scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and contact angle tests were conducted to determine the surface topography, elemental composition and hydrophilicity, respectively. The change of surface morphology was further studied using sputtered titanium on silicon wafers. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and F-actin immunofluorescence stain were performed to investigate the viability and spreading behavior of cultivated MG-63 cells on the samples. RESULTS: The surface roughness was most prominent after 5 min OPT in both CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V, and the surface morphology of sputtered Ti sharpened after the 5 min treatment. From the XPS results, the intensity of Ti(°), Ti(2+), and Ti(3+) of the samples' surface decreased indicating the oxidation of titanium after OPT. The water contact angles of both CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V were increased after 5 min OPT. The results of MTT assay demonstrated MG-63 cells proliferated best on the 5 min OP treated titanium sample. The F-actin immunofluorescence stain revealed the cultivated cell number of 5 min treated CP-Ti/Ti6Al4V was greater than other groups and most of the cultivated cells were spindle-shaped. CONCLUSIONS: Low pressure RF oxygen plasma modified both the composition and the morphology of titanium samples' surface. The CP-Ti/Ti6Al4V treated with 5 min OPT displayed the roughest surface, sharpest surface profile and best biocompatibility

Surface roughness of CP-Ti, Ti6Al4V and sputtered Ti specimen after oxygen plasma treatment for different lengths of time, respectively.

<p>Star sign means significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Topographic images with section analysis of sputtered Ti substrates: (a) untreated, (b) OPT for 5 minutes, (c) OPT for 10 minutes and (d) OPT for 30 minutes.

<p>Topographic images with section analysis of sputtered Ti substrates: (a) untreated, (b) OPT for 5 minutes, (c) OPT for 10 minutes and (d) OPT for 30 minutes.</p

Normalized XPS spectra of (a) CP-Ti, (b) Ti6Al4V and (c) sputtered Ti before and after oxygen plasma treatment for different lengths of time.

<p>Normalized XPS spectra of (a) CP-Ti, (b) Ti6Al4V and (c) sputtered Ti before and after oxygen plasma treatment for different lengths of time.</p

The F-actin immunofluorescence staining of MG-63 cell line cultured on CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V (200x).

<p>(a) is CP-Ti, and (b) is Ti6Al4V. The blue ovoid to round dots was the portion of cell nuclei. The cell shape of CP-Ti Control was polygonal, as well as spindle shape of other groups. All cells cultured on Ti6Al4V displayed spindle shape.</p

Water contact angles of CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V specimen treated by oxygen plasma.

<p>Water contact angles of CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V specimen treated by oxygen plasma.</p