Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for antimicrobial resistance.

<p>CLA: clarithromycin; LEV: levofloxacin; MET: metronidazole; AMO: amoxicillin; TET: tetracycline.</p><p>Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for antimicrobial resistance.</p

Primary antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>—subgroup analysis.

<p>CLA: clarithromycin; LEV: levofloxacin; MET: metronidazole; AMO: amoxicillin; TET: tetracycline; GU: gastric ulcer; DU: duodenal ulcer; CagA: cytotoxin-associated gene A; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A.</p><p>Primary antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>—subgroup analysis.</p

The prevalence of primary clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in Asia-Pacific regions.

<p>Fig 2A showed that the prevalence of primary clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance remained low in Taiwan, as compared to many other countries in Asia-Pacific regions ([<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>] and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.s003" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>). Fig 2B showed the trend of clarithromycin resistance in Asia-Pacific regions [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>].</p

Prevalence of primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in Taiwan.

<p>SD: standard deviation.</p><p>Prevalence of primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in Taiwan.</p

The time trend of outpatient antibiotic consumption and primary resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in Taiwan.

<p>We showed trends of reduced consumption of macrolides, nitroimidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline after the national policy to restrict antimicrobial usage. The primary resistance of clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline remained low and the trends were stable during 2001–2011. In contrast, we observed a trend of increased consumption of fluoroquinolones and a trend of rising primary levofloxacin resistance despite the national policy to restrict antimicrobial usage. *The antibiotic resistance of strains collected before 2001 had been published and were not included in the present study to avoid duplication [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]. The antibiotic resistances before 2001 were presented in dotted lines in Fig 1 to better demonstrate the trends of resistance before and after the policy to restrict antimicrobial usage [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124199#pone.0124199.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p