Comparison between power of GWAS of blood pressure measurements.

<p>(A) By effect size, the parameter values used were <i>p</i> = 0.3, <i>n</i> = 2,490. (B) By MAF, the parameters values used were  = 0.05, <i>n</i> = 2,490.</p

Deviation between Wisconsin System and LOCS III.

<p>(A) Standardized phenotype for comparison of means, (B) Bland-Altman plot of difference in standardized phenotype (Wisconsin System – LOCS III) against the average of the two, (C) Standardized and squared phenotype for comparison of variances, and (D) Bland-Altman plot of difference in standardized and squared phenotype (Wisconsin System – LOCS III) against the average of the two.</p

Genotypes of drug resistant <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> based on spoligotpying and 24 loci MIRU-VNTR.

<p>Genotypes of drug resistant <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> based on spoligotpying and 24 loci MIRU-VNTR.</p

Impact of effect size, sample size and minor allele frequency on power.

<p>Measurement error is displayed in terms of the number of SD of the true phenotype (without errors). The top panel represents comparison of means and three configurations were considered with the rest of the parameters following the default configuration: <i>p</i> = 0.2, <i>n</i> = 15,000,  = 0.06. is interpreted as the change in the standardized phenotype for every increase in one effect allele. The bottom panel represents comparison of variances and three configurations were considered with the rest of the parameters following the default configuration: <i>p</i> = 0.2, <i>n</i> = 30,000,  = 0.06. is interpreted as the change in the standardized and squared phenotype for every increase in one effect allele.</p

Venn diagram comparing the number of SNPs shared by serially isolated <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> isolates.

<p>Venn diagram comparing the number of SNPs shared by serially isolated <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> isolates.</p

Cost coefficients to account for measurement error.

1<p>The following parameter values were used: <i>p</i> = 0.2, <i>n</i> = 15,000,  = 0.06.</p>2<p>The following parameter values were used: <i>p</i> = 0.2, <i>n</i> = 30,000,  = 0.06.</p

Summary association results for 9 blood pressure SNPs.

<p>EA, effect alleles.</p>*<p><i>p</i> value <5.5×10^−<b>3</b>. Significance level was set at 0.05/9 = 0.0055.</p

Additive model for phenotype variances with and without measurement error.

<p>Additive model for phenotype variances with and without measurement error.</p

Significant (<i>p</i> value<10⁻⁵) SNP in the GWAS of nuclear cataract (comparison of means).

<p>MAF, minor allele frequency.</p

Drug susceptibility profile based on phenotype and whole-genome sequencing analysis of serially isolated <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>.

<p>Drug susceptibility profile based on phenotype and whole-genome sequencing analysis of serially isolated <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>.</p