Применение поликлональных антител у доноров со смертью мозга при пересадке почек

Objective. The objective of this study is to develop a therapeutic strategy for protecting grafts in order to improve the efficiency of kidney transplantation (KT) using polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) through elimination of activated forms of neutrophils, chemo- and cytokines from the donor’s bloodstream, and a decrease in the level of expression of adhesion molecules on the renal vascular endothelium at the pre-transplant stage.Materials and methods. In 2017, we developed and for the first time applied a therapeutic strategy for ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a brain-dead donor (BDD). Given the limited time interval after brain death has been diagnosed, Timoglobulin (Sanofi Genzyme, France) was administered to the donor at a dose of 8 mg/kg intravenously for 6 hours. Before drug administration and immediately before the start of cold perfusion, a complete blood count and renal transplant biopsy were performed. The study group included 10 BDDs (mean age 39.3 ± 4.4 years) who received anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). The comparison group included 10 BDDs (mean age 38.5 ± 4.3 years) who did not undergo the new strategy. Donor kidneys were transplanted to 40 recipients (average age 47.5 ± 4.3 years), who were also divided into 2 groups, depending on the graft received (with and without ATG). At the organ donation center, a biobank of specimens from donors of various categories, including those using the IRI therapeutic strategy and recipients for retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of pAbs, was formed.Results. Clinical blood test results show that in the ATG group, there was stable leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia) of 1.46 ± 0.18x109/l. Fifteen (75%) recipients of kidneys obtained from donors with ATG had immediate graft function; in the control group – 10 (50%) recipients.Conclusion. Data obtained testify to the prospects of implementing the proposed strategy in clinical practice, which will improve the quality of the resulting grafts and their suitability for subsequent transplantation, prolong graft functioning due to elimination of leukocytes as a factor of IRI, prevention of early allograft nephropathy, increase in the donor pool by using expanded criteria donors (ECDs).Целью данного исследования явилась разработка протокола медикаментозной защиты трансплантатов для повышения эффективности пересадки почек с помощью применения препарата поликлональных антител (ПКАТ) за счет элиминации из кровотока донора активированных форм нейтрофилов, хемо- и цитокинов, снижения уровня экспрессии молекул адгезии на эндотелии сосудов почек на предтрансплантационном этапе.Материалы и методы. В 2017 году нами был разработан и впервые применен протокол лекарственной коррекции ишемически-реперфузионного повреждения (ИРП) у донора с установленным диагнозом «смерть головного мозга» (ДСМ). Учитывая ограниченный временной интервал после процедуры диагностики смерти мозга, препарат «Тимоглобулин» (Sanofi Genzyme, Франция) вводился в организм донора в дозе 8 мг/кг внутривенно в течение 6 часов. Перед введением препарата и непосредственно перед началом холодовой перфузии выполнялся развернутый клинический анализ крови и биопсии трансплантатов почек. В исследуемую группу были включены 10 ДСМ (ср. возраст – 39,3 ± 4,4 года), которым вводился антитимоцитарный иммуноглобулин (АТГ), группой сравнения были 10 ДСМ (ср. возраст – 38,5 ± 4,3 года) без применения нового протокола. Донорские почки были пересажены 40 реципиентам (ср. возраст – 47,5 ± 4,3 года), которые также были разделены на 2 группы, в зависимости от полученного трансплантата (с АТГ и без АТГ). В центре органного донорства сформирован биобанк образцов от доноров различных категорий, в т. ч. с применением протокола терапевтической коррекции ИРП, и реципиентов для ретроспективной оценки эффективности применения ПКАТ.Результаты. По данным проведенной оценки результатов клинического анализа крови, в группе с введением АТГ наблюдалась устойчивая лейкопения (нейтропения и лимфопения) 1,46 ± 0,18 × 109/л. У 15 (75%) реципиентов почек, полученных от доноров с введением АТГ, наблюдалась немедленная функция трансплантата, в контрольной группе – у 10 (50%) реципиентов.Выводы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о перспективности внедрения предложенного протокола в клиническую практику, что позволит улучшить качество получаемых трансплантатов, их пригодность к дальнейшей пересадке, увеличить срок функционирования трансплантата за счет элиминации лейкоцитов как фактора возникновения ИРП, предупреждения развития ранней трансплантационной нефропатии, увеличения «донорского пула» за счет использования доноров с расширенными критериями (ДРК)

Problems in Radiocarbon Dating of Soils

We discuss our progress in three principal applications of 14C dating of recent and fossil soils: 1) new methods; 2) problems of interpreting 14C soil data (e.g.,14C age of soils, age of soils, duration of humus formation, rate of carbon cycling); and 3) 14C analysis of soil organic matter (OM) in pedology and paleogeography (e.g., soil genesis and evolution, humus formation and OM metamorphosis, geochronology and stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments). We suggest exploring the above issues in the analysis of each 14C profile in conjunction with paleogeographical data, and by simulation of the carbon cycle in each type of profile.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between Radiocarbon and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Radiocarbon archives are made available by Radiocarbon and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform February 202

RADIOCARBON DATING: PAST, PRESENT-DAY AND FUTURE - DEVELOPMENT OF I.P. GERASIMOV IDEAS

The ideas of I.P. Gerasimov on the radiocarbon soil age are outlined; the notions of absolute and relative soil age introduced by him are defined. Current trends in organic matter dating are discussed. The proposals on the “dating” soil fraction by the radiocarbon method are considered, as well as interpretations of the data obtained as related to new approaches in the studies of soil organic matter. The recent trends in search of new “dating” fractions are the following: dating of different pools of organic matter, dating of particle-size and densitometric fractions. The problems of radiocarbon dating application to soils and sediments in archaeological soil science are discussed. Basing on the results of dating performed for the organic matter of cultural layers of Early Medieval settlement it is shown that the organic matter of soils and pedosediments in archaeological objects may be a reliable source of information either for compiling chronological schemes, so for a comprehensive analysis of soil-forming processes operating in humanly modified materials. It is shown that the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Institute of geography, RAS, is now applying progressive methodology, among which the preparation of samples - carbon graphitization to obtain data by means of accelerated mass-spectrometry is worth mentioning

Organic Matter of Cultural Layers as a Material for Radiocarbon Dating

This article focuses on radiocarbon (14C) dating of the organic matter (OM) of natural-anthropogenic objects-the cultural layers (CLs) of archaeological sites. Using examples from three ancient sites located within the European part of Russia, in southern taiga and forest-steppe natural zones, we demonstrate approaches to the interpretation of 14C dating of OM derived from the organomineral material of the CLs studied. We use the term archaeological humus as defined as the OM formed within the CL from anthropogenic matter (i.e., organic residues that were produced during the past human occupation of the site) without or with negligible contribution of OM inherited from pre-anthropogenic stages of pedogenesis. The archaeological humus is formed within closed or semi-closed systems by the processes of humification and physical stabilization of OM. The use of hierarchical (from macro-to submicro-) morphological investigations at one of the sites (Gnezdovo) combined with 14C dating allowed conclusions to be drawn about the age of formation of different OM components in CLs. © 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

Organic Matter of Cultural Layers as a Material for Radiocarbon Dating

This article focuses on radiocarbon (14C) dating of the organic matter (OM) of natural-anthropogenic objects-the cultural layers (CLs) of archaeological sites. Using examples from three ancient sites located within the European part of Russia, in southern taiga and forest-steppe natural zones, we demonstrate approaches to the interpretation of 14C dating of OM derived from the organomineral material of the CLs studied. We use the term archaeological humus as defined as the OM formed within the CL from anthropogenic matter (i.e., organic residues that were produced during the past human occupation of the site) without or with negligible contribution of OM inherited from pre-anthropogenic stages of pedogenesis. The archaeological humus is formed within closed or semi-closed systems by the processes of humification and physical stabilization of OM. The use of hierarchical (from macro-to submicro-) morphological investigations at one of the sites (Gnezdovo) combined with 14C dating allowed conclusions to be drawn about the age of formation of different OM components in CLs. © 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

The Catacomb Cultures of the North-West Caspian Steppe: 14C Chronology, Reservoir Effect, and Paleodiet

From the 19th International Radiocarbon Conference held in Keble College, Oxford, England, April 3-7, 2006.For the Bronze Age Catacomb cultures of the North-West Caspian steppe area in Russia, there is a conflict between the traditional relative archaeological chronology and the chronology based on radiocarbon dates. We show that this conflict can be explained largely by the fact that most dates have been obtained on human bone material and are subject to 14C reservoir effects. This was demonstrated by comparing paired 14C dates derived from human and terrestrial herbivore bone collagen. In addition, values of stable isotope ratios (d13C and d15N) and analysis of food remains from vessels and the stomach contents of buried individuals indicate that a large part of the diet of these cultures consisted of fish and mollusks, and we conclude that this is the source of the reservoir effect.The Radiocarbon archives are made available by Radiocarbon and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform February 202

Honors

Combined analysis of paleoenvironment, C-13, N-15, and C-14 in bone, including paired dating of human bone and terrestrial materials (herbivore bone. wood. charcoal, and textile) has been performed on many samples excavated from Russian kurgan graves. The data can be used for dietary reconstruction, and reservoir corrections for C-14 dating of human bone. The latter is essential for air accurate construction of chronologies for the Eneolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of the Caspian steppes