Stem-Loop Structures within mRNA Coding Sequences Activate Translation Initiation and Mediate Control by Small Regulatory RNAs

International audienceGraphical Abstract Highlights d A stem-loop within E. coli fepA mRNA coding region activates translation initiation d A similar activating stem-loop structure exists within bamA mRNA coding region d These stem-loops activate translation independently of their nucleotide sequence d Small RNAs repress fepA expression by targeting its activating structur

Challenges in Paediatric Clinical Trials: How to Make It Feasible

The number of paediatric clinical trials in EU has remarkably increased in the last decade in response to the implementation of the new Paediatric Regulation and incentives aiming to define the need of child-specific drug development. Nevertheless, the gap between the number of paediatric and adult-randomised controlled trials is still substantial in almost every major clinical specialty. Economic, ethical, technological, geographical and cultural factors can influence the paediatric drug development and can represent the challenges to be faced for a smooth conduction of a paediatric clinical trial. The need for trials and paediatric patient’s engagement to commensurate with the approved paediatric investigation plans is so high that it is crucial to correctly address key factors. Particular care should be taken to develop well-designed studies, with efficient management plans, experienced administrative and healthcare personnel, awareness of socio-cultural features of the geographic areas involved and good communication with patients and their families in order to ensure ‘trial preparedness’. A case study on a multinational paediatric clinical trial, presented within the recently ended research project ‘DEferiprone Evaluation in Paediatrics (DEEP)’, was reported to exemplify some of the challenges encountered by the authors and the actions taken to overcome them

An adaptive algorithm for cohesive zone model and arbitrary crack propagation

International audienceThis paper presents an approach to the numerical simulation of crack propagation with cohesive models for the case of structures subjected to mixed mode loadings. The evolution of the crack path is followed by using an adaptive method: with the help of a macroscopic branching criterion based on the calculation of an energetic integral, the evolving crack path is remeshed as the crack evolves in the simulation. Special attention is paid to the unknown fields transfer approach that is crucial for the success of the computational treatment. This approach has been implemented in the finite element code Z-Set (jointly developed by Onera and Ecole des Mines) and is tested on two examples, one featuring a straight crack path and the other involving a complex crack propagation under critical monotonous loading monotonous

Le rapport à littérature et à son enseignement : Comprendre ce qui s’enseigne sous le nom de littérature

Cet article revient sur une approche singulière du concept « rapport à ». Formalisé en psychologie et en sociologie, il a permis en didactique du français le développement de travaux importants, notamment sur les pratiques d’écriture des élèves ou encore sur les pratiques d’enseignement de la littérature. C’est dans cette seconde perspective que le concept est ici mobilisé pour rendre compte de ces apports, des questions méthodologiques qu’il soulève, et de la façon dont il peut être articulé à d’autres notions pour éclairer ce qui s’enseigne en classe de littérature.This article presents a singular approach to the concept of «relation to». Formalized in psychology and sociology, it allowed in French didactics the development of important works, particularly on the writing practicesof students or on the teaching practices of literature. It is in this second perspective that the concept is mobilized here to relate these contributions, the methodological questions it raises, and how it can be articulated with other notions to brighten what is taught in class of literature

Mise en place d'un modèle de zone cohésive à base physique dans un bicristal de gamma-TiAl

Titre du résumé joint : Étude numérique par éléments cohésifs et remaillage de la compétition entre la rupture intragranulaire et intergranulaire dans un bicristal de TiAlNational audienceCes travaux proposent d'étudier numériquement l'effet d'une fissure intragranulaire modélisée par des éléments cohésifs dans un bicristal de γ-TiAl. Les effets de la fissure, insérée dans le premier grain, sont étudiés dans le second grain à la suite d'un calcul de traction monotone en plasticité cristalline. Des critères de fissuration intragranulaire fonction de la déformation plastique équivalente induite par les macles sont étudiés afin de prédire la rupture du bicristal. L'état de contrainte normal au joint de grains est ensuite examiné afin d'évaluer la compétition entre la rupture intergranulaire et intragranulaire.See http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/59/29/23/ANNEX/r_7L09K124.pd

The Bank of Naples and the struggle for regional power in Risorgimento Italy

Published online: 16 April 2021Drawing on the history of the Bank of Naples, this article sheds new light on the power struggle between the central government and the Southern elites in Risorgimento Italy. Since unification, the Bank has been portrayed as the archetypal victim of a predatory (Northern) Italian government. This article, by deconstructing the myth surrounding the Bank, shows how this characterisation was carefully crafted by its Neapolitan management. Exploiting to the fullest the new political and economic role they had acquired under the aegis of a constitutional government, the Bank's governors appropriated and invested with new meanings Risorgimento ideals to further the Bank's cause as well as their own. Constantly shifting the focus from finance to politics, they posed as champions of those municipal, regional or even national liberties the government was either unable or unwilling to defend. This narrative provided an ideological smokescreen obscuring the economic and partly private nature of the confrontation between the central government and the Bank, and reinforced the view of a South victimised by the new Italian state still in currency today

Relation between crack growth behaviour and crack front morphology under hold-time conditions in DA Inconel 718

The crack growth behaviour of Direct Aged Inconel 718 was studied at 550 °C. Experiments were carried out under pure fatigue cycles, hold-time cycles of different durations and a mix of both. Hold-time cycles were systematically associated with complex crack front morphologies. A new numerical approach was developed to assess the effect of crack front morphology on the direct current potential drop technique, mechanical fields at the crack tip and ultimately, measured crack growth rates. Using this approach, a clear relation was established between crack front morphology and its evolution, and the crack growth behaviour under hold-time conditions. Complex crack front morphologies are demonstrated to be responsible for increased crack growth rates. From this, a crack growth mechanism under hold-time conditions is proposed. Finally, the numerical framework here presented is to be considered as a new, easily reproducible, way to properly analyse experimental data when dealing with complex loading cycles and complex crack front morphologies

LE DÉBAT INTERPRÉTATIF DANS L'ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LECTURE ET DE LA LITTÉRATURE À L'ÉCOLE

The emergence of the interpretative debate to the primary school is symbolic of the evolution of the teaching of the literature, its contents and its configuration within the discipline French. The literature is empowered and became, at least in the 2000s in France, a full disciplinary field to the primary school, with a legitimized and recommended corpus of works and the specific and renewed activities of reading, otherwise short stories.This study redraws the emergence of the interpretative debate. It enlightens a favorable context to the practice of the debate in diverse school disciplines. It identifies the epistemological evolutions concerning the concept of interpretation but also the travels of the loans in the reference theories, in particular in the theories of the reception, as well as the contributions of the works concerning the notions of literary reading and the subject reader. It also shows how the teaching practices integrate this new disciplinary genre by processes of transmutation and absorption of the other older genres of the speech of the métatextualité into the history of the school discipline that is French.L’émergence du débat interprétatif à l’école primaire est emblématique de l’évolution de l’enseignement de la littérature, de ses contenus et de sa configuration au sein de la discipline français. La littérature s’est autonomisée et est devenue, au moins dans les années 2000 en France, un champ disciplinaire à part entière à l’école primaire, avec un corpus d’œuvres légitimé et recommandé et des activités de lecture spécifiques et renouvelées, sinon nouvelles. Cette étude retrace l’émergence du débat interprétatif. Elle éclaire un contexte favorable à la pratique du débat dans diverses disciplines scolaires. Elle identifie les évolutions épistémologiques concernant notamment le concept interprétation, mais aussi les déplacements des emprunts aux théories de référence, notamment aux théories de la réception, ainsi que les apports des travaux portant sur les notions de lecture littéraire et du sujet lecteur. Elle montre aussi comment les pratiques enseignantes intègrent ce nouveau genre disciplinaire par des processus de transmutation et d’absorption d’autres genres du discours de la métatextualité plus anciens dans l’histoire de la discipline scolaire qu’est le français