609 research outputs found
Stem-Loop Structures within mRNA Coding Sequences Activate Translation Initiation and Mediate Control by Small Regulatory RNAs
International audienceGraphical Abstract Highlights d A stem-loop within E. coli fepA mRNA coding region activates translation initiation d A similar activating stem-loop structure exists within bamA mRNA coding region d These stem-loops activate translation independently of their nucleotide sequence d Small RNAs repress fepA expression by targeting its activating structur
Challenges in Paediatric Clinical Trials: How to Make It Feasible
The number of paediatric clinical trials in EU has remarkably increased in the last decade in response to the implementation of the new Paediatric Regulation and incentives aiming to define the need of child-specific drug development. Nevertheless, the gap between the number of paediatric and adult-randomised controlled trials is still substantial in almost every major clinical specialty. Economic, ethical, technological, geographical and cultural factors can influence the paediatric drug development and can represent the challenges to be faced for a smooth conduction of a paediatric clinical trial. The need for trials and paediatric patientâs engagement to commensurate with the approved paediatric investigation plans is so high that it is crucial to correctly address key factors. Particular care should be taken to develop well-designed studies, with efficient management plans, experienced administrative and healthcare personnel, awareness of socio-cultural features of the geographic areas involved and good communication with patients and their families in order to ensure âtrial preparednessâ. A case study on a multinational paediatric clinical trial, presented within the recently ended research project âDEferiprone Evaluation in Paediatrics (DEEP)â, was reported to exemplify some of the challenges encountered by the authors and the actions taken to overcome them
An adaptive algorithm for cohesive zone model and arbitrary crack propagation
International audienceThis paper presents an approach to the numerical simulation of crack propagation with cohesive models for the case of structures subjected to mixed mode loadings. The evolution of the crack path is followed by using an adaptive method: with the help of a macroscopic branching criterion based on the calculation of an energetic integral, the evolving crack path is remeshed as the crack evolves in the simulation. Special attention is paid to the unknown fields transfer approach that is crucial for the success of the computational treatment. This approach has been implemented in the finite element code Z-Set (jointly developed by Onera and Ecole des Mines) and is tested on two examples, one featuring a straight crack path and the other involving a complex crack propagation under critical monotonous loading monotonous
Le rapport Ă littĂ©rature et Ă son enseignement : Comprendre ce qui sâenseigne sous le nom de littĂ©rature
Cet article revient sur une approche singuliĂšre du concept « rapport à  ». FormalisĂ© en psychologie et en sociologie, il a permis en didactique du français le dĂ©veloppement de travaux importants, notamment sur les pratiques dâĂ©criture des Ă©lĂšves ou encore sur les pratiques dâenseignement de la littĂ©rature. Câest dans cette seconde perspective que le concept est ici mobilisĂ© pour rendre compte de ces apports, des questions mĂ©thodologiques quâil soulĂšve, et de la façon dont il peut ĂȘtre articulĂ© Ă dâautres notions pour Ă©clairer ce qui sâenseigne en classe de littĂ©rature.This article presents a singular approach to the concept of «relation to». Formalized in psychology and sociology, it allowed in French didactics the development of important works, particularly on the writing practicesof students or on the teaching practices of literature. It is in this second perspective that the concept is mobilized here to relate these contributions, the methodological questions it raises, and how it can be articulated with other notions to brighten what is taught in class of literature
Mise en place d'un modÚle de zone cohésive à base physique dans un bicristal de gamma-TiAl
Titre du rĂ©sumĂ© joint : EÌtude numeÌrique par eÌleÌments coheÌsifs et remaillage de la compeÌtition entre la rupture intragranulaire et intergranulaire dans un bicristal de TiAlNational audienceCes travaux proposent d'eÌtudier numeÌriquement l'effet d'une fissure intragranulaire modeÌliseÌe par des eÌleÌments coheÌsifs dans un bicristal de Îł-TiAl. Les effets de la fissure, inseÌreÌe dans le premier grain, sont eÌtudieÌs dans le second grain aÌ la suite d'un calcul de traction monotone en plasticiteÌ cristalline. Des criteÌres de fissuration intragranulaire fonction de la deÌformation plastique eÌquivalente induite par les macles sont eÌtudieÌs afin de preÌdire la rupture du bicristal. L'eÌtat de contrainte normal au joint de grains est ensuite examineÌ afin d'eÌvaluer la compeÌtition entre la rupture intergranulaire et intragranulaire.See http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/59/29/23/ANNEX/r_7L09K124.pd
The Bank of Naples and the struggle for regional power in Risorgimento Italy
Published online: 16 April 2021Drawing on the history of the Bank of Naples, this article sheds new light on the power struggle between the central government and the Southern elites in Risorgimento Italy. Since unification, the Bank has been portrayed as the archetypal victim of a predatory (Northern) Italian government. This article, by deconstructing the myth surrounding the Bank, shows how this characterisation was carefully crafted by its Neapolitan management. Exploiting to the fullest the new political and economic role they had acquired under the aegis of a constitutional government, the Bank's governors appropriated and invested with new meanings Risorgimento ideals to further the Bank's cause as well as their own. Constantly shifting the focus from finance to politics, they posed as champions of those municipal, regional or even national liberties the government was either unable or unwilling to defend. This narrative provided an ideological smokescreen obscuring the economic and partly private nature of the confrontation between the central government and the Bank, and reinforced the view of a South victimised by the new Italian state still in currency today
Relation between crack growth behaviour and crack front morphology under hold-time conditions in DA Inconel 718
The crack growth behaviour of Direct Aged Inconel 718 was studied at 550 °C. Experiments were carried out under pure fatigue cycles, hold-time cycles of different durations and a mix of both. Hold-time cycles were systematically associated with complex crack front morphologies. A new numerical approach was developed to assess the effect of crack front morphology on the direct current potential drop technique, mechanical fields at the crack tip and ultimately, measured crack growth rates. Using this approach, a clear relation was established between crack front morphology and its evolution, and the crack growth behaviour under hold-time conditions. Complex crack front morphologies are demonstrated to be responsible for increased crack growth rates. From this, a crack growth mechanism under hold-time conditions is proposed. Finally, the numerical framework here presented is to be considered as a new, easily reproducible, way to properly analyse experimental data when dealing with complex loading cycles and complex crack front morphologies
LE DĂBAT INTERPRĂTATIF DANS L'ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LECTURE ET DE LA LITTĂRATURE Ă L'ĂCOLE
The emergence of the interpretative debate to the primary school is symbolic of the evolution of the teaching of the literature, its contents and its configuration within the discipline French. The literature is empowered and became, at least in the 2000s in France, a full disciplinary field to the primary school, with a legitimized and recommended corpus of works and the specific and renewed activities of reading, otherwise short stories.This study redraws the emergence of the interpretative debate. It enlightens a favorable context to the practice of the debate in diverse school disciplines. It identifies the epistemological evolutions concerning the concept of interpretation but also the travels of the loans in the reference theories, in particular in the theories of the reception, as well as the contributions of the works concerning the notions of literary reading and the subject reader. It also shows how the teaching practices integrate this new disciplinary genre by processes of transmutation and absorption of the other older genres of the speech of the mĂ©tatextualitĂ© into the history of the school discipline that is French.LâĂ©mergence du dĂ©bat interprĂ©tatif Ă lâĂ©cole primaire est emblĂ©matique de lâĂ©volution de lâenseignement de la littĂ©rature, de ses contenus et de sa configuration au sein de la discipline français. La littĂ©rature sâest autonomisĂ©e et est devenue, au moins dans les annĂ©es 2000 en France, un champ disciplinaire Ă part entiĂšre Ă lâĂ©cole primaire, avec un corpus dâĆuvres lĂ©gitimĂ© et recommandĂ© et des activitĂ©s de lecture spĂ©cifiques et renouvelĂ©es, sinon nouvelles. Cette Ă©tude retrace lâĂ©mergence du dĂ©bat interprĂ©tatif. Elle Ă©claire un contexte favorable Ă la pratique du dĂ©bat dans diverses disciplines scolaires. Elle identifie les Ă©volutions Ă©pistĂ©mologiques concernant notamment le concept interprĂ©tation, mais aussi les dĂ©placements des emprunts aux thĂ©ories de rĂ©fĂ©rence, notamment aux thĂ©ories de la rĂ©ception, ainsi que les apports des travaux portant sur les notions de lecture littĂ©raire et du sujet lecteur. Elle montre aussi comment les pratiques enseignantes intĂšgrent ce nouveau genre disciplinaire par des processus de transmutation et dâabsorption dâautres genres du discours de la mĂ©tatextualitĂ© plus anciens dans lâhistoire de la discipline scolaire quâest le français
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