Further Observations on Polymegaly in Species of the \u3ci\u3eDrosophila affinis\u3c/i\u3e Subgroup

Polymegaly, or the production of two or more size class of sperms by the same male, has been known in Drosophila for more than a decade. More recently polymegaly (dimegaly, or two size classes) was found in the Drosophila affinis subgroup. Additional observations on polymegaly in six D. affinis subgroup species: D. affinis, D. algonquin, D. athabasca, D. azteca, D. narragansett, and D. tolteca are reported here. The two kinds of sperms differ strikingly in the nature of the head, which is elongate (threadlike) in long sperms, short and dense in short sperms. Ultraviolet fluorescence following treatment with 4\u27, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) made it possible to recognize these distinctive heads in developing spermatids and in mature sperms. Investigations of spermatids were supplemented with observations of Feulgen-stained preparations and by electron microscopy. Short sperms were found to be much more numerous than long ones in the seminal vesicles of males and in the uteri of recently inseminated females. However, the proportions of short sperms were greatly reduced in the sperm storage organs of mated females. Inspection of squash preparations of newly laid eggs revealed flagella of long sperms but no unequivocal evidence of short sperms

Further Observations on Polymegaly in Species of the \u3ci\u3eDrosophila affinis\u3c/i\u3e Subgroup

Polymegaly, or the production of two or more size class of sperms by the same male, has been known in Drosophila for more than a decade. More recently polymegaly (dimegaly, or two size classes) was found in the Drosophila affinis subgroup. Additional observations on polymegaly in six D. affinis subgroup species: D. affinis, D. algonquin, D. athabasca, D. azteca, D. narragansett, and D. tolteca are reported here. The two kinds of sperms differ strikingly in the nature of the head, which is elongate (threadlike) in long sperms, short and dense in short sperms. Ultraviolet fluorescence following treatment with 4\u27, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) made it possible to recognize these distinctive heads in developing spermatids and in mature sperms. Investigations of spermatids were supplemented with observations of Feulgen-stained preparations and by electron microscopy. Short sperms were found to be much more numerous than long ones in the seminal vesicles of males and in the uteri of recently inseminated females. However, the proportions of short sperms were greatly reduced in the sperm storage organs of mated females. Inspection of squash preparations of newly laid eggs revealed flagella of long sperms but no unequivocal evidence of short sperms

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TIBIA ANGLES TO LOADING OF KNEE DURING SPLIT SQUAT

The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of knee joint force and moment during split squats of different front tibia angles. Twelve healthy male college students performed six repetitions of four different split squat types with a standard additional load of 25% BW added using a barbell. Using 10 camera 3D motion capture system and a force plate to collect data. The peak force and moment of knee flexion (sagittal plane) were calculated by using self-designed MATLAB programs. One-way ANOVA test was undertaken using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The analysis results of the study indicated that all kinetic parameters of the four types split squats were achieved high significant differences (p less than .000). A better understanding of different loading in specific joints and correct exercise execution during training will help protecting practitioners from sport injury

Influence of drug transporters and stereoselectivity on the brain penetration of pioglitazone as a potential medicine against Alzheimer's disease

10.1038/srep09000Scientific Reports

EFFECTS OF PLYOMTRIC TRAIN lNG ON MUSCLE FATIGUE AND MAXIMAL RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER-LIMB

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ploymetric training on muscle fatigue and maximal rate of force development in volleyball players. Ten college volleyball players volunteered to participate in this study and underwent a 6-week plyometric training. The BTS free EMG and force-plate were used to evaluate the median frequency (MDF) of the rectus femoris (RF), anterior tibialis (AT), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), biceps femoris (BF) and maximum rate of force development (mRFD). The results revealed that the plyometric training significantly improves the MDF of RF and AT and mRFD. This study demonstrated hat by using plyometric training could facilitate the mRFD and postpone muscle fatigue for trained volleyball players

THE ACUTE EFFECT OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION TRAINING ON AGILITY, SPEED AND POWER IN MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effect of whole body vibration training on agility, speed and power in male volleyball players. Ten college volleyball players volunteered to participate in this study. The vibration training (VT) consisted of 60% with 28 Hz frequencies and 1Omm amplitudes. Counter movement jump (CMJ), blocking agility test (BAT), agility test (AT) and 10 meters sprinting (1 OMS) were performed at pre-test and post-test (60s rest). The peak force (PF). mean force (MF), maximum rate of force development (mRFD) and relative net impulse (RNI) from the CMJs were computed. A repeated measures ANOVA was applied to obtain the variables. The present study indicated that the WBV significantly improves the MF, mRFD and BAT parameters of CMJ and BAT performances excluding the PF. Speed and agility does not seem to be enhanced by VT

Continuous purification of monoclonal antibody using periodic counter-current chromatography

Integrated and continuous processing of antibody drugs offers several advantages over traditional batch processing in the biotechnology industry. The flexibility of periodic counter-current (PCC) design is performed in the selection of residence time and column numbers on the capture process. In this study, we investigated the association of residence time and product recovery in the downstream PCC purification. A practical operation of PCC as a continuous capture purification step has been applied to 5L perfusion culture, 5L concentrated fed-batch culture, and 50L fed-bath culture. Using an empirical model for the protein breakthrough curve, residence time (RT) was evaluated and the loading flow rate was adjusted to achieve a target RT of 2.25 minutes for monoclonal antibody (mAb). The sample load volume for each column switching was set on 50 and 58% breakthrough curves, mAb recovery was 88 .4% and 88.9%, and buffer consumption was decreased to under half that of the batch process. Overall, more than 40 grams of purified antibody is obtained in 24 hours using a PCC purification system. Comparison of qualities of mAb analyzed by UPLC and reverse phase chromatography show that glycan profiles and purity are quite similar between antibodies obtained from PCC and batch purification, whereas the acidic variants of mAb purified by PCC is higher than that purified by batch mode. The advantages of a continuous downstream capture step are highlighted for our case study in comparison with the existing batch chromatography processes

Factors that influence survival in colorectal cancer with synchronous distant metastasis

AbstractBackgroundTreatments for the purposes of curing or more effectively managing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are evolving. Our study focused on patients with primary CRC with synchronous distant metastasis, and we analyzed the factors influencing patient survival.MethodsData review was conducted retrospectively. Clinicopathological parameters included age, sex, site of primary cancer, tumor cell differentiation, number of liver metastasis, presence of extrahepatic metastasis, treatment of liver metastasis, pre-treatment carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, status of treatment response, salvage treatment and survival.ResultsA total of 420 patients were identified and considered for our study. Of those, 275 patients (65.4%) had liver-only metastasis, 100 patients (23.8%) had concomitant lung metastasis, and 40 patients (9.5%) had other metastases. Additionally, 145 patients (34.5%) had liver-directed treatment including surgical resection (28.5%), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (10.6%) and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TAE) (1.2%). There were 80 patients (19%) with CEA levels < 10, 135 patients (32.1%) with CEA 10–100, and 165 patients (39.2%) with CEA > 100. There were 200 patients (47.6%) who had received chemotherapy, 130 patients (30.9%) with target therapy, and 40 patients (9.5%) who had not undergone any salvage treatment. Three significant factors were identified, including treatment of liver metastasis (p=0.027), pre-treatment CEA (p=0.04), and salvage treatment (p=0.005).ConclusionWe demonstrated three factors influencing patient survival including treatment of liver metastasis, pre-treatment CEA level, and salvage treatment. Aggressive treatment of liver metastasis including surgical resection or RFA combined with chemotherapeutic agents appear to provide an increased rate of survival to patients

Advanced materials for aqueous supercapacitors in the asymmetric design

AbstractSupercapacitors have been recognized as one of the promising energy storage devices in the future energy technology. In this perspective, rapid progress is made in the development of fundamental and applied aspects of supercapacitors. Various techniques have been developed specifically to estimate the specific capacitance. Numerous efforts have been made in the literature to increase the specific capacitance of electrode materials. Recently, researchers pay more attention on designing supercapacitors of asymmetric type with extending cell voltage and dissimilar materials with complementary working potentials. Researchers try to increase the specific energy of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). Conversely, it is still a challenge to find a suitable operation conditions for ASCs in various designs, especially for the one with battery type electrode. In this review, we describe our recent research works and other reports on the preparation of various nanostructured electrode materials and the performances of both symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors. Finally, we demonstrate effects of charge balance on the capacitive performances of ASCs which consist of one electrode material of the battery type and one capacitive material. We also demonstrate how to evaluate the charge capacities of both positive and negative electrode materials for this ASC application