IMPLEMENT POLICIES ON TRAINING AND FOSTERING CADRES AND CIVIL SERVANTS OF KHMER IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM

Cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people in the Mekong Delta have an essential position and role in implementing the Party's guidelines and guidelines, policies, and laws of the State to present with the people and directly manage society to achieve order, stability, and development. Cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people are the bridge between the Party, State, and the people, reflecting the people's legitimate thoughts and aspirations for the Party and State. Based on the method of document research, and secondary data, the paper outlines the characteristics of the Khmer people in the Mekong Delta; viewpoints and lines of the Party, policies, and laws of the State on training and retraining policies for cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people; On the basis of the actual situation of the policy, the thesis has proposed a number of solutions to improve the effectiveness of the policy on training and fostering cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people in the Mekong Delta.  Article visualizations

USING EXPERIMENTAL PLANNING TO OPTIMIZE THE HYDROLYSIS OF SUGAR CANE BAGASSE INTO FERMENTABLE SUGARS FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION BY FUNGAL ENZYME MIXTURE

In this study, the unpretreated sugar cane bagasse was milled to a particle size of 0.5 – 1 mm and be used as material for bioconversion into fermentable sugars by using an enzyme cocktail acted synergistically. Experimental planning was used to optimize the enzyme conversion through assessment and analysis of individual parameter. As the result, the optimal condition for enzymatic conversion of sugar cane bagasse into reducing sugar product are at pH = 5, 400C, and 48 h incubation in rate of enzyme (Cell/Xyl, AltFAE, XpoAE) and substrate (bagasse meal) is 3.1. From the above application, the mathematical model is found to describe equation of the bioconversion of bagasse into reducing sugars: = 206.946 + 29.954x1 + 5.501x2 + 7.323x3 + 2.288x2x3 – 7.011; and using flexible algorithm of nonlinear planning to identify optimal conditions of enzyme mixture of conversion into reducing sugars that the reaction reached max = 251.86 mg per gram bagasse with x1 = 1.215, x2 = 1.215, x3 = 1.215 or Cell/Xyl = 1 ml (100U), AltFAE = 0.5 ml (7.56U), XpoAE = 0.4 ml (10.8U) on the test range. Experimental verification has the same result in constant conditons and reached total reducing sugars of 260.2 mg per gram substrate.In this study, the unpretreated sugar cane bagasse was milled to a particle size of 0.5 – 1 mm and be used as material for bioconversion into fermentable sugars by using an enzyme cocktail acted synergistically. Experimental planning was used to optimize the enzyme conversion through assessment and analysis of individual parameter. As the result, the optimal condition for enzymatic conversion of sugar cane bagasse into reducing sugar product are at               pH = 5, 40 oC, and 48 h incubation in rate of enzyme (Cell/Xyl, AltFAE, XpoAE) and substrate (bagasse meal) is 3.1. From the above application, the mathematical model is found to describe equation of the bioconversion of bagasse into reducing sugars: = 206.946 + 29.954x1 + 5.501x2 + 7.323x3 + 2.288x2x3 – 7.011; and using flexible algorithm of nonlinear planning to identify optimal conditions of enzyme mixture of conversion into reducing sugars that the reaction reached max = 251.86 mg per gram bagasse with x1 = 1.215, x2 = 1.215, x3 = 1.215 or Cell/Xyl = 1 ml (100U), AltFAE = 0.5 ml (7.56U), XpoAE = 0.4 ml (10.8U) on the test range. Experimental verification has the same result in constant conditons and reached total reducing sugars of 260.2 mg per gram substrate

EVALUATION OF CITIZENS' SATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM

Citizen satisfaction is one of the essential factors reflecting the quality of public administrative services provided by state administrative agencies. The study aims to assess citizens' satisfaction with the quality of public administrative services in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Research data were collected from survey results using questionnaires from 792 survey samples in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Research results have shown that citizens are satisfied with the quality of public administrative services in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. At the same time, there are six factors affecting citizens' satisfaction with the quality of public administrative services, including (1) Reliability; (2) Service capacity of staff; (3) Service attitude of staff; (4) The service level of staff; (5) Infrastructure; (6) Administrative procedures. Research results show no difference in citizen satisfaction in gender, age and education groups. Besides, the survey area group has a difference in citizen satisfaction. The research results have theoretical and practical significance for public administration in Vietnam. From the research results, several contents are discussed and proposed to improve citizens' satisfaction with the quality of public administrative services in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Visualization of Strain-Induced Landau Levels in a Graphene - Black Phosphorus Heterostructure

Strain-induced pseudo magnetic fields offer the possibility of realizing zero magnetic field Quantum Hall effect in graphene, possibly up to room temperature, representing a promising avenue for lossless charge transport applications. Strain engineering on graphene has been achieved via random nanobubbles or artificial nanostructures on the substrate, but the highly localized and non-uniform pseudomagnetic fields can make spectroscopic probes of electronic structure difficult. Heterostructure engineering offers an alternative approach: By stacking graphene on top of another van der Waals material with large lattice mismatch at a desired twist angle, it is possible to generate large strain-induced pseudo magnetic fields uniformly over the entire heterostructure. Here, we report using nano-angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (nano-ARPES) to probe the electronic bandstructure of a graphene/black phosphorus heterostructure (G/BP). By directly measuring the iso-energy contours of graphene and black phosphorus we determine a twist angle of 20-degrees in our heterostructure. High-resolution nano-ARPES of the graphene bands near the Fermi level reveals the emergence of flat bands located within the Dirac cone. The spacing of the flat bands is consistent with Landau level formation in graphene, and corresponds to a pseudo-field of 11.36 T. Our work provides a new way to study quantum Hall phases induced by strain in 2D materials and heterostructures

Estimating the cost of illness of acute Japanese encephalitis and sequelae care in Vietnam and Laos: a cross-sectional study

Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a leading cause of acute encephalitis syndrome and resulting neurological disability in Asia and the Western Pacific. This study aims to estimate the cost of acute care, initial rehabilitation and sequelae care, in Vietnam and Laos. Methodology We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study using a micro-costing approach from the health system and household perspectives. Out-of-pocket direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs, and family impact were reported by patients and/or caregivers. Hospitalization costs were extracted from hospital charts. Acute costs covered expenditures from pre-hospital to follow-up visits while sequelae care costs were estimated from expenditures in the last 90 days. All costs are in 2021 US dollars. Principal findings 242 patients in two major sentinel sites in the North and South of Vietnam and 65 patients in a central hospital in Vientiane, Laos, with laboratory-confirmed JE were recruited regardless of age, sex, and ethnicity. In Vietnam, the mean total cost was $3,371 per acute JE episode (median$2,071, standard error [SE] $464) while annual costs were$404 for initial sequelae care (median $0, SE$220) and $320 for long-term sequelae care (median$0, SE $108). In Laos, the mean hospitalization costs in acute stage were$2,005 (median $1,698, SE$279) and the mean annual costs were $2,317 (median$0, SE $2,233) for initial sequelae care and$89 (median $0, SE$57) for long-term sequelae care. In both countries, most patients did not seek care for their sequelae. Families perceived extreme impact from JE and 20% to 30% of households still had sustained debts years after acute JE. Conclusions JE patients and families in Vietnam and Laos suffer extreme medical, economic, and social hardship. This has policy implications for improving JE prevention in these two JE-endemic countries

Adaptive immune response to lipoproteins of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy subjects

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent commensal but also a dangerous pathogen, causing many forms of infection ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. Among its virulence factors are lipoproteins, which are anchored in the bacterial cell membrane. Lipoproteins perform various functions in colonization, immune evasion, and immunomodulation. These proteins are potent activators of innate immune receptors termed Toll-like receptors 2 and 6. This study addressed the specific B-cell and T-cell responses directed to lipoproteins in human S. aureus carriers and non-carriers. 2D immune proteomics and ELISA approaches revealed that titers of antibodies (IgG) binding to S. aureus lipoproteins were very low. Proliferation assays and cytokine profiling data showed only subtle responses of T cells; some lipoproteins did not elicit proliferation. Hence, the robust activation of the innate immune system by S. aureus lipoproteins does not translate into a strong adaptive immune response. Reasons for this may include inaccessibility of lipoproteins for B cells as well as ineffective processing and presentation of the antigens to T cells.</p

A novel IGHMBP2 variant and clinical diversity in Vietnamese SMARD1 and CMT2S patients

BackgroundPathogenic variants in the IGHMBP2 gene are associated with two distinct autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorders: spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1; OMIM #604320) and Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2S (CMT2S; OMIM #616155). SMARD1 is a severe and fatal condition characterized by infantile-onset respiratory distress, diaphragmatic palsy, and distal muscular weakness, while CMT2S follows a milder clinical course, with slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and sensory loss, without manifestations of respiratory disorder.MethodsWhole-exome sequencing of the IGHMBP2 gene was performed for eight Vietnamese patients with IGHMBP2-related neuromuscular disorders including five patients with SMARD1 and the others with CMT2S.ResultsWe identified one novel IGHMBP2 variant c.1574T &gt; C (p.Leu525Pro) in a SMARD1 patient. Besides that, two patients shared the same pathogenic variants (c.1235 + 3A &gt; G/c.1334A &gt; C) but presented completely different clinical courses: one with SMARD1 who deceased at 8 months of age, the other with CMT2S was alive at 3 years old without any respiratory distress.ConclusionThis study is the first to report IGHMBP-2-related neuromuscular disorders in Vietnam. A novel IGHMBP2 variant c.1574T &gt; C (p.Leu525Pro) expressing SMARD1 phenotype was detected. The presence of three patients with the same genotype but distinct clinical outcomes suggested the interaction of variants and other factors including relating modified genes in the mechanism of various phenotypes

Prospects for Food Fermentation in South-East Asia, Topics From the Tropical Fermentation and Biotechnology Network at the End of the AsiFood Erasmus+Project

Fermentation has been used for centuries to produce food in South-East Asia and some foods of this region are famous in the whole world. However, in the twenty first century, issues like food safety and quality must be addressed in a world changing from local business to globalization. In Western countries, the answer to these questions has been made through hygienisation, generalization of the use of starters, specialization of agriculture and use of long-distance transportation. This may have resulted in a loss in the taste and typicity of the products, in an extensive use of antibiotics and other chemicals and eventually, in a loss in the confidence of consumers to the products. The challenges awaiting fermentation in South-East Asia are thus to improve safety and quality in a sustainable system producing tasty and typical fermented products and valorising by-products. At the end of the “AsiFood Erasmus+ project” (www.asifood.org), the goal of this paper is to present and discuss these challenges as addressed by the Tropical Fermentation Network, a group of researchers from universities, research centers and companies in Asia and Europe. This paper presents current actions and prospects on hygienic, environmental, sensorial and nutritional qualities of traditional fermented food including screening of functional bacteria and starters, food safety strategies, research for new antimicrobial compounds, development of more sustainable fermentations and valorisation of by-products. A specificity of this network is also the multidisciplinary approach dealing with microbiology, food, chemical, sensorial, and genetic analyses, biotechnology, food supply chain, consumers and ethnology