2 research outputs found
Emissions from South Asian Brick Production
Thirteen South Asian
brick kilns were tested to quantify aerosol
and gaseous pollutant emissions. Particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), and optical scattering and absorption measurements
in the exhaust of six kiln technologies demonstrate differences in
overall emission profiles and relative climate warming resulting from
kiln design and fuel choice. Emission factors differed between kiln
types, in some cases by an order of magnitude. The kilns currently
dominating the sector had the highest emission factors of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and light absorbing carbon, while improved Vertical Shaft and Tunnel
kilns were lower emitters. An improved version of the most common
technology in the region, the zig-zag kiln, was among the lowest emitting
kilns in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, CO, and light absorbing carbon. Emission
factors measured here are lower than those currently used in emission
inventories as inputs to global climate models; 85% lower (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and 35% lower for elemental carbon (EC) for the most common
kiln in the region, yet the ratio of EC to total carbon was higher
than previously estimated (0.96 compared to 0.47). Total annual estimated
emissions from the brick industry are 120 Tg CO<sub>2</sub>, 2.5 Tg
CO, 0.19 Tg PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and 0.12 Tg EC
Household Light Makes Global Heat: High Black Carbon Emissions From Kerosene Wick Lamps
Kerosene-fueled wick lamps used in millions of developing-country
households are a significant but overlooked source of black carbon
(BC) emissions. We present new laboratory and field measurements showing
that 7–9% of kerosene consumed by widely used simple wick lamps
is converted to carbonaceous particulate matter that is nearly pure
BC. These high emission factors increase previous BC emission estimates
from kerosene by 20-fold, to 270 Gg/year (90% uncertainty bounds:
110, 590 Gg/year). Aerosol climate forcing on atmosphere and snow
from this source is estimated at 22 mW/m<sup>2</sup> (8, 48 mW/m<sup>2</sup>), or 7% of BC forcing by all other energy-related sources.
Kerosene lamps have affordable alternatives that pose few clear adoption
barriers and would provide immediate benefit to user welfare. The
net effect on climate is definitively positive forcing as coemitted
organic carbon is low. No other major BC source has such readily available
alternatives, definitive climate forcing effects, and cobenefits.
Replacement of kerosene-fueled wick lamps deserves strong consideration
for programs that target short-lived climate forcers