On the Growth and Welfare Effects of Defense R&D

In the US, defense R&D share of GDP has decreased significantly since 1960. To analyze the implications on growth and welfare, we develop an R&D-based growth model that features the crowding-out and spillover effects of defense R&D on civilian R&D. The model also captures the effects of defense technology on (i) national security resembling consumption-type public goods and (ii) aggregate productivity via the spin-off effect resembling productive public goods. In this framework, economic growth is driven by market-based civilian R&D as in standard R&D-based growth models and government-financed public goods (i.e., defense R&D) as in Barro (1990). We find that defense R&D has an inverted-U effect on growth, and the growth-maximizing level of defense R&D is increasing in the spillover and spin-off effects. As for the welfare-maximizing level of defense R&D, it is increasing in the security-enhancing effect of defense technology, and there exists a critical degree of this security-enhancing effect below (above) which the welfare-maximizing level is below (above) the growth-maximizing level

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Transplacental transmission of Theileria orientalis occurs at a low rate in field-affected cattle: infection in utero does not appear to be a major cause of abortion

Parasite load (qPCR), ER (MPSP ELISA) and PCV data derived from 4 representative calves from the Herd 2 temporal study. A marked increase in parasite load coincided with a decline in PCV, with calves 2–4 becoming anaemic between Day 40–50. Two of the four calves shown tested positive for maternal antibodies post-partum. Calves 2–4 appeared to mount an adaptive serological response following the peak in infection intensity. (DOCX 141 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Transplacental transmission of Theileria orientalis occurs at a low rate in field-affected cattle: infection in utero does not appear to be a major cause of abortion

Corresponding parasite load (qPCR), ER (MPSP ELISA) and PCV data derived from 4 representative calves from the Herd 1 temporal study. A marked increase in parasite load co-incides with a decrease in PCV in all calves with calf 3 becoming anaemic on Day 50 post-partum. Two of the four calves tested positive for maternal antibodies post-partum but subsequently tested negative. Calf 3 appeared to mount an adaptive serological response to T. orientalis following the peak in parasite load. (DOCX 127 kb

Additional file 10: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

dN/dS ratios. Calculated dN/dS (a.k.a. KaKs) ratios for the predicted Shintoku proteome by comparison to mapped Fish Creek (Chitose) and Goon Nure (Buffeli) isolate sequences. (PDF 913 kb

Additional file 7: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Coding sequence average depth of coverage. Average coverage depth of coding sequences for orthogroups grouped by genes per isolate (Gene numbers containing > 4 orthogroups not shown). (DOC 29 kb

Additional file 6: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Orthologous genes vs orthologous groups. Number of orthologous genes against orthologous groups containing x number of genes per isolate. (TIF 1293 kb

Additional file 8: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Proteins with no blastp matches compared to reference genome. Examination of proteins that produced no blastp match to the Shintoku predicted proteome, by blastp searches of the nr database. (XLSX 13 kb

Additional file 13: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Goon Nure maker parameters. Parameters used for the annotation of the Goon Nure genome sequence using the maker pipeline. (GZ 3 kb

Additional file 12: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Fish Creek maker parameters. Parameters used for the annotation of the Fish Creek genome sequence using the maker pipeline. (GZ 3 kb

Additional file 9: of Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes

Predicted recombination events. Details of predicted recombination events shown in Fig. 2. (PDF 30 kb