Zircon ages in granulite facies rocks: decoupling from geochemistry above 850 °C?

Granulite facies rocks frequently show a large spread in their zircon ages, the interpretation of which raises questions: Has the isotopic system been disturbed? By what process(es) and conditions did the alteration occur? Can the dates be regarded as real ages, reflecting several growth episodes? Furthermore, under some circumstances of (ultra-)high-temperature metamorphism, decoupling of zircon U–Pb dates from their trace element geochemistry has been reported. Understanding these processes is crucial to help interpret such dates in the context of the P–T history. Our study presents evidence for decoupling in zircon from the highest grade metapelites (> 850 °C) taken along a continuous high-temperature metamorphic field gradient in the Ivrea Zone (NW Italy). These rocks represent a well-characterised segment of Permian lower continental crust with a protracted high-temperature history. Cathodoluminescence images reveal that zircons in the mid-amphibolite facies preserve mainly detrital cores with narrow overgrowths. In the upper amphibolite and granulite facies, preserved detrital cores decrease and metamorphic zircon increases in quantity. Across all samples we document a sequence of four rim generations based on textures. U–Pb dates, Th/U ratios and Ti-in-zircon concentrations show an essentially continuous evolution with increasing metamorphic grade, except in the samples from the granulite facies, which display significant scatter in age and chemistry. We associate the observed decoupling of zircon systematics in high-grade non-metamict zircon with disturbance processes related to differences in behaviour of non-formula elements (i.e. Pb, Th, U, Ti) at high-temperature conditions, notably differences in compatibility within the crystal structure

The History, Relevance, and Applications of the Periodic System in Geochemistry

Geochemistry is a discipline in the earth sciences concerned with understanding the chemistry of the Earth and what that chemistry tells us about the processes that control the formation and evolution of Earth materials and the planet itself. The periodic table and the periodic system, as developed by Mendeleev and others in the nineteenth century, are as important in geochemistry as in other areas of chemistry. In fact, systemisation of the myriad of observations that geochemists make is perhaps even more important in this branch of chemistry, given the huge variability in the nature of Earth materials – from the Fe-rich core, through the silicate-dominated mantle and crust, to the volatile-rich ocean and atmosphere. This systemisation started in the eighteenth century, when geochemistry did not yet exist as a separate pursuit in itself. Mineralogy, one of the disciplines that eventually became geochemistry, was central to the discovery of the elements, and nineteenth-century mineralogists played a key role in this endeavour. Early “geochemists” continued this systemisation effort into the twentieth century, particularly highlighted in the career of V.M. Goldschmidt. The focus of the modern discipline of geochemistry has moved well beyond classification, in order to invert the information held in the properties of elements across the periodic table and their distribution across Earth and planetary materials, to learn about the physicochemical processes that shaped the Earth and other planets, on all scales. We illustrate this approach with key examples, those rooted in the patterns inherent in the periodic law as well as those that exploit concepts that only became familiar after Mendeleev, such as stable and radiogenic isotopes

Contribution of murine IgG Fc regions to antibody binding to the capsule of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) is the predominant IgG subclass elicited in response to polysaccharide antigens in mice. This specific subclass has been shown to crosslink its fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions following binding to multivalent polysaccharides. Crosslinking leads to increased affinity through avidity, which theoretically should lead to more effective protection against bacteria and yeast displaying capsular polysaccharides on their surface. To investigate this further we have analyzed the binding characteristics of 2 IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) subclass families that bind to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Burkholderia pseudomallei. The first subclass family originated from an IgG3 hybridoma cell line (3C5); the second family was generated from an IgG1 cell line (2A5). When the Fc region of the 3C5 IgG3 is removed by proteolytic cleavage, the resulting F(ab')(2) fragments exhibit decreased affinity compared to the full-length mAb. Similarly, when the parent IgG3 mAb is subclass-switched to IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2a, all of these subclasses exhibit decreased affinity. This decrease in affinity is not seen when the 2A5 IgG1 mAb is switched to an IgG2b or IgG2a, strongly suggesting the drop in affinity is related to the IgG3 Fc region

Integration of fission track thermochronology with other geochronologic methods on single crystals

Fission-track (FT) thermochronology can be integrated with the U–Pb and (U–Th)/He dating methods. All three radiometric dating methods can be applied to single crystals (hereafter referred to as “triple-dating”), allowing more complete and more precise thermal histories to be constrained from single grains. Such an approach is useful across a myriad of geological applications. Triple-dating has been successfully applied to zircon and apatite. However, other U-bearing minerals such as titanite and monazite, which are routinely dated by single methods, are also candidates for this approach. Several analytical procedures can be used to generate U–Pb—FT—(U–Th)/He age triples on single grains. The procedure introduced here combines FT dating by LA-ICPMS and in situ (U–Th)/He dating approach, whereby the U–Pb age is obtained as a byproduct of U–Th analysis by LA-ICPMS. In this case, U–Pb, trace element and REE data can be collected simultaneously and used as annealing kinetics parameter or as provenance and petrogenetic indicators. This novel procedure avoids time-consuming irradiation in a nuclear reactor, reduces multiple sample handling steps and allows high sample throughput (predictably on the order of 100 triple-dated crystals in 2 weeks). These attributes and the increasing number of facilities capable of conducting triple-dating indicate that this approach may become more routine in the near future