Этические аспекты джихада

The paper focuses on the ethical dimension of Jihad. Nowadays is common to put Jihad equal to terrorism. This paper tries to clear up what “Jihad” means, to trace its history and to define it in current terms. Author states that Jihad is not a war against Christians, Europe and the whole world to conquer all of them. Jihad is a number of ethical rules that should be scrutinized. Jihad being one of the most disputable terms in Islam that deserves to be clarified.В данной статье анализируются этические аспек­ты джихада. Многозначность термина дает возможность нескольких интерпретаций, что часто приводит к путанице в рассуждениях. Ак­цент сделан на этическую сторону проблемы, что включает в себя также рассмотрение связи между понятиями «джихад» и «терро­ризм», что особенно актуально в текущий момент

ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ПОСТТРАВМАТИЧЕСКОГО ОСТЕОМИЕЛИТА

A comparative study of cellular immunity parameters was performed in patients with long bone chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis in regard to osteomyelitis stages. Thirty patients with the fistulous form of long bone chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis and 13 patients with long bone chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis in the remission stage were examined using laser flow citometry. It was revealed that a moderate leukocytosis, increased monocyte and neutrophile absolute number as well as increased CD25 and HLA-DR-positive T-lymphocyte number are typical for chronic osteomyelitis regardless of the pathological process stages. The remission stage in patients with chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis is accompanied by moderate activation of humoral immunity (increased B-lymphocyte (CD19+) number and increased production of IgG). The decrease in the peripheral blood lymphocyte number and well as reduction of HLA-DR expression on monocytes creates prerequisites for the development of fistulous osteomyelitis form and can be an indication for administering the preparations of immunomodulating action.Проведён сравнительный анализ показателей клеточного иммунитета у пациентов с хроническим остеомиелитом длинных костей в зависимости от стадии заболевания. Методом лазерной проточной цитометрии обследовано 30 больных со свищевой формой хронического посттравматического остеомиелита и 13 пациентов с хроническим посттравматическим остеомиелитом длинных костей в стадии ремиссии. Показано, что для хронического остеомиелита, независимо от стадии патологического процесса, характерен умеренный лейкоцитоз, повышение абсолютного количества моноцитов и нейтрофилов, увеличение числа CD25 и HLA-DR - позитивных Т-лимфоцитов. Стадия ремиссии у пациентов с хроническим посттравматическим остеомиелитом сопровождается умеренной активацией гуморального иммунитета (повышение количества В-лимфоцитов (CD19+) и продукции IgG). Снижение в периферической крови количества лимфоцитов, а также экспрессии HLA-DR на моноцитах создаёт предпосылки для развития свищевой формы остеомиелита и может служить показанием для применения препаратов иммуномодулирующего действия

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

Investigation of mathematical models and problems of optimum industrial process has been carried out with the help of operational calculus theory, impulse function theory, set theory, time-tables, combinatory optimization. Analytical expressions describing discontinuous industrial process have been obtained and their geometrical interpretation is also given in the paper.С использованием теории операционного исчисления, теории импульсных функций, теории множеств, расписаний, комбинаторной оптимизации проведено исследование математических моделей и задач оптимальной организации процессов производства. Получены аналитические выражения, описывающие скачкообразный процесс производства, а также приведена их геометрическая интерпретация

Статистический анализ производственных процессов

To analyze the synchronization of machine-building production processes, a statistical approach is used on the correctness of the choice of parameters. The accuracy of the parameters is achieved by modeling. This method allows checking how correctly the parameters are selected and whether they ensure uninterrupted operation of production. Statistical analysis of parameters gives information on failures in a particular production unit, on violations of the synchronization of production processes, technological processes. With the help of statistical characteristics, it is possible to evaluate production as a whole. Statistical multidimensional analysis of complex production data allows to analyze the work of individual units, production blocks. The cluster analysis has been carried out by the method of K-medium production process with minimization of the total error probability. A geometric interpretation of the results of cluster analysis of production processes is given in the paper. The influence of  factors on the work of production has been determined in the paper. The index factorial method with  a different comparison base and different weights has been applied. The hypothesis about the adequacy of the model of production processes has been tested. A statistical analysis of the complex data of the production process has been carried out  in the search for optimal solutions in the case of uncertainty and in conditions of risk using the following methods: Bayes, Laplace and Germeyer using the simplex method. The network methods of decision-making have been used in the paper.  Statistical methods  with the help of mathematical modeling have substantiated the optimal sizes of both individual parts  and volumes of local warehouses, so that there were no delays in the transfer of production processes, disruptions in work, downtime of working equipment. In this case, the criterion for the optimality of production volumes can be the minimum  of total losses from idle time of individual units and production blocks to the possibility of disruption of the synchronous  process modes due to lack of equipment (arising production pockets) or due to long-used outdated units.Для анализа синхронизации процессов машиностроительного производства используется статистический подход о правильности выбора параметров. Точность величин достигается путем моделирования. Данный способ позволяет проверить, насколько правильно выбраны параметры и обеспечивают ли они бесперебойную работу производства. Статистический анализ величин дает информацию о сбоях в том или ином узле производства, о нарушениях синхронизации процессов производства, технологических процессов. С помощью статистических характеристик можно оценить производство в целом. Статистический многомерный анализ сложных данных о производстве позволяет анализировать работу отдельных узлов и блоков производства. Проведен кластерный анализ методом K-средних процессов производства с минимизацией полной вероятности ошибки. Дана геометрическая интерпретация результатов кластерного анализа процессов производства. Определено влияние факторов на работу производства. Применен индексный факторный метод с различной базой сравнения и разными весами. Проведена проверка гипотезы об адекватности модели процессов производства. Выполнен статистический анализ сложных данных процесса производства при поиске оптимальных решений в случае неопределенности и в условиях риска методами Байеса, Лапласа и Гермейера с помощью симплекс-метода. Использованы сетевые методы принятия решений. Статистическими  методами посредством математического моделирования провели обоснование оптимальных размеров как отдельных деталей, так и объемов местных складов, чтобы не было опозданий в работе передачи процессов производства, срывов в работе, простоев оборудования. В этом случае критерием оптимальности объемов производства может служить минимум суммарных потерь от простоя отдельных узлов и блоков производства до возможности нарушения режимов синхронного процесса из-за нехватки оборудования (возникших карманов производства) или из-за давно используемых устаревших агрегатов

PHOTOTUNABLE SELECTIVE REFLECTION OF CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

The dependence of the helical pitch of a cholesteric liquid crystal based on a composite photosensitive chiral dopant (cChD) on the intensity of light irradiation was studied. The transmission spectra and the selective reflection spectra of cholesteric liquid crystal cells were measured. The concentration of the cChD additive is calculated, so that the peak of selective reflection and its rearrangement occurs in the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum (380-780 nm). The possibility of photo-control by shifting the peak of the selective reflection of the cChD additive was studied, when exposed to LEDs with wavelengths of 365 nm and 450 nm, while reducing or increasing the intensity, a change in the spiral pitch was observed. Depending on the light intensity, part of the molecules of the chiral additive containing the azo group underwent isomerization, i.e. molecules in the trans-form passed to the cis-form, which led to a spectral shift of the selective reflection peak. If a small intensity of the 365 nm LED was applied, then some of the molecules were forced to transition from the trans- to the cis-form, and then, when illuminated with a 450 nm LED, from the cisto the trans-form. After reversible rearrangement, the properties of cholesteric liquid crystal changes due to interaction with light, because under the influence of light, the equilibrium ratio of the trans- and cis-isomers of the molecules of the substance changed, which macroscopically changed the torsion force of the chiral additive. Using two LEDs of 365 nm and 450 nm with different emission spectra, a reversible control of the cChD selective reflection peak in the visible range was obtained. The maximum displacement occurred at approximately 145 nm.The dependence of the helical pitch of a cholesteric liquid crystal based on a composite photosensitive chiral dopant (cChD) on the intensity of light irradiation was studied. The transmission spectra and the selective reflection spectra of cholesteric liquid crystal cells were measured. The concentration of the cChD additive is calculated, so that the peak of selective reflection and its rearrangement occurs in the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum (380-780 nm). The possibility of photo-control by shifting the peak of the selective reflection of the cChD additive was studied, when exposed to LEDs with wavelengths of 365 nm and 450 nm, while reducing or increasing the intensity, a change in the spiral pitch was observed. Depending on the light intensity, part of the molecules of the chiral additive containing the azo group underwent isomerization, i.e. molecules in the trans-form passed to the cis-form, which led to a spectral shift of the selective reflection peak. If a small intensity of the 365 nm LED was applied, then some of the molecules were forced to transition from the trans- to the cis-form, and then, when illuminated with a 450 nm LED, from the cisto the trans-form. After reversible rearrangement, the properties of cholesteric liquid crystal changes due to interaction with light, because under the influence of light, the equilibrium ratio of the trans- and cis-isomers of the molecules of the substance changed, which macroscopically changed the torsion force of the chiral additive. Using two LEDs of 365 nm and 450 nm with different emission spectra, a reversible control of the cChD selective reflection peak in the visible range was obtained. The maximum displacement occurred at approximately 145 nm

Use of chemical markers in antartic ecosystem studies of Demaria mount

Research is devoted to using chemical markers for studying and description of ecosystems. Photosynthetic pigments – carotenoids and chlorophylls, and soil polymers – humic, fulvic acids and their salts, were used as chemical markers. Correlations between concentrations of these markers in samples and parameters of “total nitrogen” and ash were studied. Complex chemical analysis for nine samples collected on a Demaria hill in the altitude range from 47 m to 408 m above see level was carried. It was concluded that in meager antarcticlike ecosystems the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls adequately reflects the quantity of a whole phytomass and of biomass. Total content humic and fulvic acids can be used to estimate quantity of organic substances in soils. Comparison of photosynthetic pigment concentrations with “total nitrogen” parameter allows to separate biogenic phytomass nitrogen and animal waste products

АЛГОРИТМИЗАЦИЯ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ МАШИН

The paper shows that cost effectiveness and profitability are considered as a general economic characteristic that reflects a final efficiency of an enterprise operation and its output products. The main index of cost effectiveness level is a ratio of a general profit amount to productive assets. Cost effectiveness of transport machinery manufacturing is presented as a relative index of business profitability level. Algorithms for calculation of main economic efficiency pertaining to transport machinery have been developed in the paper.Рентабельность и доходность показаны как общая экономическая характеристика, отражающая конечную эффективность работы предприятия и выпускаемой им продукции. Главным из показателей уровня рентабельности является отношение общей суммы прибыли к производственным фондам. Рентабельность производства транспортных машин представлена как относительный показатель уровня доходности бизнеса. Составлены алгоритмы для расчета основных показателей экономической эффективности транспортных машин

The statistical stability of consensus independent component analysis for RNA-SEQ data in cancer research

Independent component analysis (ICA) became a part of the standard machine learning pipeline for genomics data analysis. The approach allows to correct technical biases and batch effects in transcriptomics datasets. Separated signals are successfully used to characterize biological functions, their weights might be used for diagnostics (cancer subtypes classification) and prognostics (survival prediction). Using weights of independent components as features for downstream analysis requires high reproducibility of decomposition. Here we investigated the stability of extracted components depending on ICA parameters and validated the optimal number of parallel consensus ICA runs that provided reproducible deconvolution. Also, we estimated the effect of parallel runs on the quality of lung cancer type classification (LUSC/LUAD) and gene enrichment analysis results. Finally, we estimated the boundary values for the number of components that allows detecting biologically relevant signals in smaller patient cohorts

A mathematical model for estimating and forecasting the state of a digital substation based on the wavelet transform method

The article the possibility of applying the wavelet transform method in combination with a neural-fuzzy approach to solving problems of forecasting the state of digital substations is considered. The optimum level of the wavelet expansion of the time series corresponding to the change in the phase voltage for the day on the basis of the Hurst index is determined. The influence of the sample size and the type of the mother wavelet on the Hurst index is researched. It was revealed, that for wavelet decomposition, the use of the Daubechy wavelet as the mother wavelet is effective, which provides a smoother filtering of noise, compared to the Haar wavelet. Analysis of the original series does not allow to evaluate the optimal level of wavelet expansion if the noise level of the time series under consideration is low (less than 10%), since the Hurst index remains unchanged. However, using the logarithm of changing the time series allows for small fluctuations to be taken into account, which allows to determine the optimal level of the wavelet expansion for their smoothing

Stability of stochastic dynamic systems of a random structure with Markov switching in the presence of concentration points

This article aims to investigate sufficient conditions for the stability of the trivial solution of stochastic differential equations with a random structure, particularly in contexts involving the presence of concentration points. The proof of asymptotic stability leverages the use of Lyapunov functions, supplemented by additional constraints on the magnitudes of jumps and jump times, as well as the Markov property of the system solutions. The findings are elucidated with an example, demonstrating both stable and unstable conditions of the system. The novelty of this work is in the consideration of jump concentration points, which are not considered in classical works. The assumption of the existence of concentration points leads to additional constraints on jumps, jump times and relations between them