Separable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted AMBTC Images Using Hamming Code

Data hiding is a field widely used in copyright, annotation, and secret communication for digital content, and has been continuously studied for more than 20 years. In general, data hiding uses the original image as a cover image to hide data, but recently, the research area has expanded to research on improving the security and privacy protection of image contents by encrypting the image. This research is called separable reversible data hiding in an encrypted image (SRDH-EI). In this paper, we proposed a more efficient SRDH-EI method based on AMBTC. AMBTC can guarantee very good network transmission efficiency for applications that do not require a particularly high image quality because the compression time is short and calculation is simple compared to other existing compression methods. The SRDH-EI method presented here divides AMBTC into non-overlapping 4×4 blocks and then performs image encryption on them. Thereafter, data can be hidden using a Hamming code for each block. The proposed method has an advantage in that the quality of the cover image and the hiding capacity can be adjusted by appropriately using the value T of the difference between the two quantization levels. The experimental results proved the efficiency and superiority of our proposed model

Data Hiding Method for Color AMBTC Compressed Images Using Color Difference

Image compression technology and copyright protection are certainly the important technologies for free exchange of multimedia. For compression of an image, we propose a color Absolute Moment Block Trucation Coding (AMBTC) method using a common bit-plane created by k-means. In addition, a data hiding method based on a color AMBTC using Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) was proposed for copyright protection and confidential secret communication. The number of quantization levels of the proposed color AMBTC is nine per block. Therefore, the edge of the compressed color image can be expressed more delicately. As a result of the simulation, it can be seen that the edge of the image of the color AMBTC is close to the original image. Moreover, the data hiding performance of the proposed method also obtained excellent results. For the experiment, we measured the quality of the image using the Color Difference (CD) we proposed, and the measurement result was very satisfactory

Application and Theory of Multimedia Signal Processing Using Machine Learning or Advanced Methods

Machine learning (ML) uses algorithms to identify and predict useful patterns from data [...

Dual Reversible Data Hiding Based on AMBTC Using Hamming Code and LSB Replacement

The existing data hiding schemes conceal the data in the cover image and then communicate secretly on the channel. The weakness of these methods is that the security aspect is somewhat lacking, and there is a limit to hiding enough data. In this paper, we propose a reversible data hiding method based on dual AMBTC images. It improves security, which is a weakness of data hiding. AMBTC has strengths in low-bandwidth channel environments with simple calculations and efficient data performance. HC(7,4) and LSB replacement methods are applied to each block of AMBTC to hide secret data. After the embedding process, the two AMBTC-marked images are obtained, and these images are sent to different recipients. The recipients can extract hidden messages and restore the cover AMBTC image by using the proposed method and two marked images. Our proposed data hiding method guarantees sufficient data hiding, proper cover image quality, and restoration of the original cover image. Experimental results show that our method is efficient in terms of image quality and embedding ratio

Hybrid Data Hiding Based on AMBTC Using Enhanced Hamming Code

The image-based data hiding method is a technology used to transmit confidential information secretly. Since images (e.g., grayscale images) usually have sufficient redundancy information, they are a very suitable medium for hiding data. Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) is one of several compression methods and is appropriate for embedding data due to its very low complexity and acceptable distortion. However, since there is not enough redundant data compared to grayscale images, the research to embed data in the compressed image is a very challenging topic. That is the motivation and challenge of this research. Meanwhile, the Hamming codes are used to embed secret bits, as well as a block code that can detect up to two simultaneous bit errors and correct single bit errors. In this paper, we propose an effective data hiding method for two quantization levels of each block of AMBTC using Hamming codes. Bai and Chang introduced a method of applying Hamming (7,4) to two quantization levels; however, the scheme is ineffective, and the image distortion error is relatively large. To solve the problem with the image distortion errors, this paper introduces a way of optimizing codewords and reducing pixel distortion by utilizing Hamming (7,4) and lookup tables. In the experiments, when concealing 150,000 bits in the Lena image, the averages of the Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) and Mean-Squared Error (MSE) of our proposed method were 0.9952 and 37.9460, respectively, which were the highest. The sufficient experiments confirmed that the performance of the proposed method is satisfactory in terms of image embedding capacity and quality

Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme to Detect Image Tampering Using AMBTC and OPAP Approaches

Research on self-embedding watermarks is being actively conducted to solve personal privacy and copyright problems by image attack. In this paper, we propose a self-embedded watermarking technique based on Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) for reconstructing tampered images by cropping attacks and forgery. AMBTC is suitable as a recovery bit (watermark) for the tampered image. This is because AMBTC has excellent compression performance and image quality. Moreover, to improve the quality of the marked image, the Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) method is used in the process of hiding AMBTC in the cover image. To find a damaged block in a marked image, the authentication data along with the watermark must be hidden in the block. We employ a checksum for authentication. The watermark is embedded in the pixels of the cover image using 3LSB and 2LSB, and the checksum is hidden in the LSB. Through the recovering procedure, it is possible to recover the original marked image from the tampered marked image. In addition, when the tampering ratio was 45%, the image (Lena) could be recovered at 36 dB. The proposed self-embedding method was verified through an experiment, and the result was the recovered image showed superior perceptual quality compared to the previous methods

An Optimized Sub-texture Mapping Technique for an Arbitrary Texture Considering Topology Relations

Part 13: UMASInternational audienceIn recent years, texture mapping techniques have become more advanced as providing real-time rendering tasks. However, few methods have been conducted in optimizing a sub-texture mapping for an arbitrary texture. In this paper, we present a method to optimize sub-texture mapping by reflecting topology relations in which an arbitrary sub-texture source has to be represented as minimizing distortions of the sub-texture source. We have defined a manipulating mechanism that helps a user control a texture source using a track ball interface in order to minimize loss of the texture source. And a sub-texture frame has to be aligned to dominant geometric structures of 3d model by employing some transformations. We have shown experimental results to verify the proposed method as well

New Electronic Acupuncture System Using Intelligence

Part 13: UMASInternational audienceIn recent years, scientific studies of traditional oriental medicine are accelrating. Furthermore, researches of medical examinations and treatments through collaboration of oriental medicine and western medicine is in progress. This paper will seek for spots on the body suitable for acupuncture using special features that skin impedance values are different. The computer simulation results have shown that Electro-Acupuncture administered by using the medical diagnosis system developed in this study is more effective than the conventional method