Phylogenetic analysis of HBV S and C genes in child/mother pairs.

<p>Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the partial S gene sequences (A) and whole C gene sequences (B) from nine HBsAg-negative children with positive HBV DNA and their corresponding mothers. C: child; M: mother.</p

Photothermal Coupling Factor Achieving CO₂ Reduction Based on Palladium-Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO₂

Solar fuels have attracted great interest as an alternative use for solar energy. However, the challenges are high temperatures and low solar utilization for thermochemical and photochemical conversion methods, respectively. To lower the temperature in thermochemistry and increase solar energy utilization, a photothermochemical cycle (PTC) has been reported for carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction and improved by palladium-nanoparticle-loaded TiO₂ (PNT). A maximum and stable carbon monoxide (CO) production of 11.05 μmol/(h g) is demonstrated using 1.0PNT, which is 8.27× the CO produced by P25 in the PTC. The PNT can enhance light utilization by a red-shifted photoresponse range and visible light absorbance of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Photoinduced electron and hole pairs (EHPs) could be more readily separated. More available charge carriers would induce more photoinduced vacancies in the photoreaction, which serve a key role in the PTC. Additionally, Pd can promote CO₂ absorbance to form Pd-CO₂^– and Pd-CO₂^–-V_O on the defective surface in the thermal reaction. Finally, CO production can be enhanced by a photothermal coupling factor, and a reaction mechanism is proposed for the complete cycle on the basis of both theoretical calculations and experiments

Photothermal Coupling Factor Achieving CO₂ Reduction Based on Palladium-Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO₂

Solar fuels have attracted great interest as an alternative use for solar energy. However, the challenges are high temperatures and low solar utilization for thermochemical and photochemical conversion methods, respectively. To lower the temperature in thermochemistry and increase solar energy utilization, a photothermochemical cycle (PTC) has been reported for carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction and improved by palladium-nanoparticle-loaded TiO₂ (PNT). A maximum and stable carbon monoxide (CO) production of 11.05 μmol/(h g) is demonstrated using 1.0PNT, which is 8.27× the CO produced by P25 in the PTC. The PNT can enhance light utilization by a red-shifted photoresponse range and visible light absorbance of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Photoinduced electron and hole pairs (EHPs) could be more readily separated. More available charge carriers would induce more photoinduced vacancies in the photoreaction, which serve a key role in the PTC. Additionally, Pd can promote CO₂ absorbance to form Pd-CO₂^– and Pd-CO₂^–-V_O on the defective surface in the thermal reaction. Finally, CO production can be enhanced by a photothermal coupling factor, and a reaction mechanism is proposed for the complete cycle on the basis of both theoretical calculations and experiments

General characteristic of children and their mothers in breast- and formula-fed groups.

<p>ND, not determined; HBIG, hepatitis B immune globulin; HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen.</p>*<p>Two pairs of twins were born to HBeAg-positive mothers in formula-fed group.</p

HBV serologic markers in breast- and formula-fed children of HBsAg-positive mothers.

<p>HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBc, antibody against hepatitis B core antigen; anti-HBs, antibody against HBsAg; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p

Logistic regression analyses for the prevalence of HBsAg or anti-HBc in the children^*.

<p>HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBc, antibody against hepatitis B core antigen; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>*<p>Including all the factors different (with a P<0.20) between the breastfed and formula-fed children except the mother's age, as which is not associated with the mother-to-child transmission of HBV <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055303#pone.0055303-Zou2" target="_blank">[16]</a>.</p