PRO-VESICULAR (PV)-BASED GEL FOR THE TOPICAL DELIVERY OF NAPROXEN: PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION

ObjectiveThe objective of the present investigation was to develop and characterize a vesicular drug carrier system (Proliposomes) for topical delivery of naproxen to overcome the gastrointestinal complications occurred when taken by oral route. Methods Proliposomes were prepared by film deposition on carrier method and characterized for size, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, drug content, percentage yield. Proliposomal gels were prepared by using 1percent carbopol as a polymer and gels were evaluated for PH, viscosity, in-vitro, ex-vivo, pharmacodynmic studies and stability studies. The size and surface morphology were studied using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.Results     The maximum entrapment efficiency of reconstituted liposomes was 96percent whereas drug content in Proliposomes was found to be more than 90percent. FTIR studies showed no possible interaction between drug and excipients. In-vitro and ex-vivo studies shows that liposomes not only enhance the penetration of drug molecules but also help to localize the drug within the skin indicating sustain release of drug. In-vivo studies concluded that proliposomal gel shows greater percentage of inhibition of paw oedema when compared to marketed gel.ConclusionIt was found that Proliposomes exhibited more stability as compared to liposomes. Hence Proliposomes drug delivery system was better choice for sustained release of drug through topical drug delivery.Key words: Naproxen, liposomes, Proliposomes, sustained release, transdermal delivery

Electro-Osmotic Flow of MHD Jeffrey Fluid in a Rotating Microchannel by Peristalsis: Thermal Analysis

In this study, we examine the rotating and heat transfer on the peristaltic and electro-osmatic flow of a Jeffery fluid in an asymmetric microchannel with slip impact. A pressure gradient and anal axially imposed electric field work together to impact the electro-osmotic flow (EOF). Mathematical modeling is imported by employing the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. The exact solution has been simplified for the stream function, temperature, and velocity distributions. The effects of diverse egress quantities on the gush virtue are exhibited and discussed with the help of graphs. The shear stress and trapping phenomena have been investigated. The characterization of results has been resolved for the flow governing ingrained appropriate parameters by employing the table. Our findings can be summarized as follows: (i) Debye length has a strong influence on the conducting viscous fluid of EOF in non-uniform micro-channel. (ii) The temperature field is enhanced through the elevated values of the rotation parameter and EOF. (iii) The shear stress has oscillatory behavior and the heat transmission rate increases with the magnitude of larger values of EOF. Finally, there is good agreement between the current results and those that have already been published. This model applies to the study of chemical fraternization/separation procedures and bio-microfluidic devices for the resolution of diagnosis

Classification of Solutions of Non-homogeneous Non-linear Second Order Neutral Delay Dynamic Equations with Positive and Negative Coefficients

In this paper we have studied the non-homogeneous non-linear second order neutral delay dynamic equations with positive and negative coefficients of the form classified all solutions of this type equations and obtained conditions for the existence or non-existence of solutions into four classes and these four classes are mutually disjoint. Examples are included to illustrate the validation of the main results

TRUST MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR AD-HOC NETWORKS USING A SOCIAL NETWORK BASED APPROACH FOR SECURE ROUTING

ABSTRACT A social network is a social structure made up of actors which includes individuals or organizations. These actors are called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, information exchange, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social Network analysis is the mapping and measurement of relationships (ties) and flows between the actors (nodes) in terms of network theory. In this paper we propose a Trust Management Scheme for Ad-Hoc Networks using a Social Network Based Approach for secure routing

Metal triflates catalyzed efficient synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyrans

Ytterbium triflate efficiently catalyzes an unusual cyclization of o-hydroxybenzaldehydes with 2,3-dihydrofuran and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in the presence of trimethyl orthoformate at ambient temperature to afford a new class of compounds, furo- and pyrano[2,3-b]benzopyrans in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivity. Also, o-hydroxybenzaldehydes reacted smoothly with acetophenones in the presence of a catalytic amount of scandium triflate under similar reaction conditions to give the corresponding 2,4-dialkoxy-2-aryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyrans in high yields

The BioExtract Server: a web-based bioinformatic workflow platform

The BioExtract Server (bioextract.org) is an open, web-based system designed to aid researchers in the analysis of genomic data by providing a platform for the creation of bioinformatic workflows. Scientific workflows are created within the system by recording tasks performed by the user. These tasks may include querying multiple, distributed data sources, saving query results as searchable data extracts, and executing local and web-accessible analytic tools. The series of recorded tasks can then be saved as a reproducible, sharable workflow available for subsequent execution with the original or modified inputs and parameter settings. Integrated data resources include interfaces to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide and protein databases, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-Bank) non-redundant nucleotide database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) database. The system offers access to numerous preinstalled, curated analytic tools and also provides researchers with the option of selecting computational tools from a large list of web services including the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS), BioMoby, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The system further allows users to integrate local command line tools residing on their own computers through a client-side Java applet

Two primate-specific small non-protein-coding RNAs in transgenic mice: neuronal expression, subcellular localization and binding partners

In a rare occasion a single chromosomal locus was targeted twice by independent Alu-related retroposon insertions, and in both cases supported neuronal expression of the respective inserted genes encoding small non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNAs): BC200 RNA in anthropoid primates and G22 RNA in the Lorisoidea branch of prosimians. To avoid primate experimentation, we generated transgenic mice to study neuronal expression and protein binding partners for BC200 and G22 npcRNAs. The BC200 gene, with sufficient upstream flanking sequences, is expressed in transgenic mouse brain areas comparable to those in human brain, and G22 gene, with upstream flanks, has a similar expression pattern. However, when all upstream regions of the G22 gene were removed, expression was completely abolished, despite the presence of intact internal RNA polymerase III promoter elements. Transgenic BC200 RNA is transported into neuronal dendrites as it is in human brain. G22 RNA, almost twice as large as BC200 RNA, has a similar subcellular localization. Both transgenically expressed npcRNAs formed RNP complexes with poly(A) binding protein and the heterodimer SRP9/14, as does BC200 RNA in human. These observations strongly support the possibility that the independently exapted npcRNAs have similar functions, perhaps in translational regulation of dendritic protein biosynthesis in neurons of the respective primates

Latitudinal variation in vertical distribution of meteor decay time and its relation with mesospheric Ozone in the altitude range of 80-90 km

115-124Investigations on meteor trail decay time and its evolution in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are very important to estimate the temperature in this region. The present study focuses on the vertical distribution of meteor decay times at three different latitudes to understand the mechanism responsible for the deviation of meteor decay time from the theoretical estimations below 90 km of altitude. The present study is based on measurements from three identical meteor radars located at equatorial (Kototabang: 0.2° S, 100.3° E), low (Thumba: 8.5° N, 76.9° E) and polar latitudes (Eureka: 80.0° N, 85.8° W). The results reveal a pronounced seasonal variation of vertical distribution of meteor decay time turning altitude (inflection point) over polar latitudes as compared to that over equatorial and low latitudes. Apart from direct estimations from meteor radar observations, the meteor decay time is estimated using temperature and pressure measurements from the SABER/TIMED. Above 90 km of altitude, decay times estimated from both methods are in good agreement. However, below 90 km of altitude, these estimations start deviating and it has been noted that the deviation increases with decreasing altitude. Further, observed meteor decay times correlated with ozone concentration at three representative altitude bins. The correlation analysis reveals a significant negative correlation at 80 - 90 km of altitude over the three latitudes indicating that an increase in ozone concentration results in decrease in meteor decay time. The significance of the present results lies in analyzing the vertical distribution of meteor decay time simultaneously from three radar locations representing equatorial, low and polar latitudes and evaluating the relation between ozone concentration and meteor decay time, quantitatively

FATP4 missense and nonsense mutations cause similar features in Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome (IPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by premature birth, non-scaly ichthyosis and atopic manifestations. The disease was recently shown to be caused by mutations in the gene encoding the fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) and a specific reduction in the incorporation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into cellular lipids.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>We screened probands from five families segregating IPS for mutations in the <it>FATP4 </it>gene. Four probands were compound heterozygous for four different mutations of which three are novel. Four patients were heterozygous and one patient homozygous for the previously reported non-sense mutation p.C168X (c.504c > a). All patients had clinical characteristics of IPS and a similar clinical course.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Missense mutations and non-sense mutations in <it>FATP4 </it>are associated with similar clinical features suggesting that missense mutations have a severe impact on FATP4 function. The results broaden the mutational spectrum in <it>FATP4 </it>associated with IPS for molecular diagnosis of and further functional analysis of FATP4.</p

PHY·FI: fast and easy online creation and manipulation of phylogeny color figures

BACKGROUND: The need to depict a phylogeny, or some other kind of abstract tree, is very frequently experienced by researchers from a broad range of biological and computational disciplines. Thousands of papers and talks include phylogeny figures, and often during everyday work, one would like to quickly get a graphical display of, e.g., the phylogenetic relationship between a set of sequences as calculated by an alignment program such as ClustalW or the phylogenetic package Phylip. A wealth of software tools capable of tree drawing exists; most are comprehensive packages that also perform various types of analysis, and hence they are available only for download and installing. Some online tools exist, too. RESULTS: This paper presents an online tool, PHY·FI, which encompasses all the qualities of existing online programs and adds functionality to hopefully eliminate the need for post-processing the phylogeny figure in some other general-purpose graphics program. PHY·FI is versatile, easy-to-use and fast, and supports comprehensive graphical control, several download image formats, and the possibility of dynamically collapsing groups of nodes into named subtrees (e.g. "Primates"). The user can create a color figure from any phylogeny, or other kind of tree, represented in the widely used parenthesized Newick format. CONCLUSION: PHY·FI is fast and easy to use, yet still offers full color control, tree manipulation, and several image formats. It does not require any downloading and installing, and thus any internet user regardless of computer skills, and computer platform, can benefit from it. PHY·FI is free for all and is available from this web address