Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Porous Carbon Foams for High-Performance Supercapacitors Using Template-Free Direct Pyrolysis

Foam-like porous carbons with specific surface area (SSA) up to 2340 m²/g were synthesized using direct pyrolysis of sugar and zinc nitrate mixtures without any hard templates. The role of the ZnO nanoparticles formed from the decomposition of zinc nitrate, and the effects of high-temperature annealing on the formation of the high-SSA carbon foams were systematically studied. Due to the facile and quick reaction conditions, these carbon foams could be easily synthesized on a large scale. When used as supercapacitor electrode materials, a specific capacitance up to 280 F/g was achieved at current density of 0.1 A/g and remained as high as 207 F/g, even at a high current density of 10 A/g

Comprehensive analysis of Orthogonal experiment results on day 21.

<p>Comprehensive analysis of Orthogonal experiment results on day 21.</p

Hierarchical dendrogram of bacterial distribution.

<p>Bacterial distribution of the top 100 abundant genus in the fermented liquid diet that sampled from A libraries, B libraries and C libraries. Double hierarchical dendrogram shows the bacterial distribution. The bacterial phylogenetic tree was calculated using the neighbor-joining method and the relationship among samples was determined by Bray-Curtis distance. The heatmap plot depicts the relative percentage of each bacterial genus within each sample. The relative values for bacterial genus are indicated by color intensity with the legend at the bottom.</p

L₉ (3⁴) Orthogonal experiment (mg/kg basal diet).

<p>L₉ (3⁴) Orthogonal experiment (mg/kg basal diet).</p

Ace estimator of each treatment in different fermentation time.

<p>Ace estimator of each treatment in different fermentation time.</p

Lactic acid production of different fermented liquid diets on day 0, 21 and 42.

<p>Lactic acid production of different fermented liquid diets on day 0, 21 and 42.</p

Genus-level taxonomic compositions.

<p>Genus-level taxonomic compositions of fermented liquid diet on day 0 (A libraries), day 21 (B libraries) and day 42 (C libraries). Sequences that could not be classified into any known group were assigned as Norank, sequences that could not be matched to any known sequences were designated as unclassified, sequences that had relative abundance of less than 1% were grouped into others.</p

Shannon diversity of each treatment in different fermentation time.

<p>Shannon diversity of each treatment in different fermentation time.</p

Solution-Based Carbohydrate Synthesis of Individual Solid, Hollow, and Porous Carbon Nanospheres Using Spray Pyrolysis

A facile and scalable solution-based, spray pyrolysis synthesis technique was used to synthesize individual carbon nanospheres with specific surface area (SSA) up to 1106 m²/g using a novel metal-salt catalyzed reaction. The carbon nanosphere diameters were tunable from 10 nm to several micrometers by varying the precursor concentrations. Solid, hollow, and porous carbon nanospheres were achieved by simply varying the ratio of catalyst and carbon source without using any templates. These hollow carbon nanospheres showed adsorption of to 300 mg of dye per gram of carbon, which is more than 15 times higher than that observed for conventional carbon black particles. When evaluated as supercapacitor electrode materials, specific capacitances of up to 112 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g were observed, with no capacitance loss after 20 000 cycles

Porous TiO₂ Nanoparticles Derived from Titanium Metal–Organic Framework and Its Improved Electrorheological Performance

A simple method for synthesis of porous TiO₂ nanoparticles was developed via a two-step route using titanium metal–organic framework (MOF) as a precursor, in which MOFs were first prepared by a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted solvothermal method and then calcined in air at 500 °C. After pyrolysis of precursor MOFs, the anatase TiO₂ inherited the porosity of precursor MOF and possessed a large surface area and uniform pore distribution, which was subsequently adopted as an electrorheological (ER) material by dispersing in silicone oil. ER activities of MOFs and porous TiO₂ based suspensions under the applied electric fields were investigated in a controlled shear rate (CSR) mode. In contrast to MOFs based ER fluids, the suspension of porous TiO₂ exhibited a higher ER efficiency and lower leakage current. Furthermore, the improvement of dielectric properties was found to be responsible for the enhanced ER activity through an investigation of dielectric spectrum