Traceless Directing Strategy: Efficient Synthesis of N‑Alkyl Indoles via Redox-Neutral C–H Activation

A general protocol for the synthesis of N-alkyl indoles has been developed via a redox neutral C–H activation strategy using a traceless nitroso directing group. A broad scope of substituted N-alkyl indoles has been prepared in good to excellent yields using a very simple Rh catalyst system in the absence of an external oxidant or any other additive. Good to excellent regioselectivity has been achieved for asymmetrically disubstituted acetylenes

Highly Practical Synthesis of Nitriles and Heterocycles from Alcohols under Mild Conditions by Aerobic Double Dehydrogenative Catalysis

A mild, aerobic, catalytic process for obtaining nitriles directly from alcohols and aqueous ammonia is described. The reaction proceeds via a dehydrogenation cascade mediated by catalytic CuI, bpy, and TEMPO in the presence of O₂. The substrate scope is broad including various functionalized aromatic and aliphatic alcohols. This protocol enabled the one-pot synthesis of various biaryl heterocycles directly from commercially available alcohols

Manganese Catalyzed Regioselective C–H Alkylation: Experiment and Computation

A new efficient manganese-catalyzed selective C2-alkylation of indoles via carbenoid insertion has been achieved. The newly developed C–H functionalization protocol provides access to diverse products and shows good functional group tolerance. Mechanistic and computational studies support the formation of a Mn­(CO)₃ acetate complex as the catalytically active species

Alignment of BLV <i>env</i> nucleotide between 25 reference strains from GenBank and four Caribbean strains (KX674367, KX674369, KX674371 and KX674373).

<p>Numbers above the sequences are nucleotide number and amino acid residue number indicated by the <i>env</i> gene of K02120. The countries of the strains are marked with abbreviations in parentheses to the right of the GenBank accession numbers. Dots indicate nucleotides or amino acids identical to the reference sequence.</p

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the BLV <i>env-gp51</i> (807 bp) from the Caribbean and other areas around the world.

<p>Strains identified in our study from Dominica are identified with filled (●) circles and those from St. Kitts by open (○) circles. Genotypes shown on the right are according to Lee et al., Polat et al., and Moratorio et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168379#pone.0168379.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168379#pone.0168379.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168379#pone.0168379.ref027" target="_blank">27</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168379#pone.0168379.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>]. Numbers at the branches show bootstrap support (1,000 replicates). The bar at the bottom of the figure denotes distance.</p

Alignment of BLV <i>env</i> amino acid sequences between 25 reference strains from GenBank and four Caribbean strains (KX674367, KX674369, KX674371 and KX674373).

<p>Numbers above the sequences are nucleotide number and amino acid residue number indicated by the <i>env</i> gene of K02120. The countries of the strains are marked with abbreviations in parentheses to the right of the GenBank accession numbers. Dots indicate nucleotides or amino acids identical to the reference sequence. Labeled lines and ▼ indicate the position of identified glycoproteins, epitopes, the transmembrane hydrophobic region (TMHR) and the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane protein (CTM).</p

The islands of Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis and St. Kitts from which cattle were sampled for the study.

<p>A total of 325 blood samples were collected from Dominica (N = 77; 15.42°N, 61.33°W), Montserrat N = 12;16.75°N, 62.20°W), Nevis (N = 43; 17.15°N, 62.58°W) and St. Kitts (N = 193; 17.25°N, 62.67°W).</p

Mean nucleotide and amino acid distances in full-length <i>env</i> sequences of Caribbean strains and strains from GenBank representing eight BLV genotypes.

<p>Mean nucleotide and amino acid distances in full-length <i>env</i> sequences of Caribbean strains and strains from GenBank representing eight BLV genotypes.</p

Phylogeny of <i>gag</i> and <i>env</i> genes of FIV.

<p><i>Gag</i> sequences (176-bp) of FIV strains identified in this study and representatives of the five subtypes with sequences in GenBank. In addition, a 374-bp region encompassing V1 to V2 is shown on the left of the bottom panel, and a 502-bp region encompassing V3 to V5 on the right panel. The <i>env</i> sequences of the FIV strains identified in this study (in red) are compared with the sequences of representatives of the FIV subtypes with sequences in GenBank; five for V1 to V2 and seven for V3 to V5. Branch lengths are measured in nucleotide substitutions and numbers show branching percentages in bootstrap replicates. Scale bar represents the percent sequence diversity.</p

Alignment of amino acid of FIV on envelop protein V3-V5 regions.

<p>V3-V5 region amino acid sequences of FIV strains identified in this study (red font) were aligned with those of representatives FIV subtypes in GenBank (black for subtype A, blue for subtype A/B; green for subtype B; orange for subtype C, pink for subtype D, and brown for subtype E). Identical nucleotides at given positions are represented by dots (·), gaps are represented by dashes (-).</p