Additional file 1 of Evidence supports the use of hydrocortisone for patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Forest plot of mortality

Buprenorphine had negligible effects on learning/memory and locomotor activity in pups.

<p>Prenatal buprenorphine (0, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg/day) exposure was started from gestation day 7 and lasted for 14 days. After birth, the male and female pups were collected at postnatal day 21 and subjected to neurobehavioral test. The time required to reach the hidden platform (latency) was recorded in Morris water maze task (n = 6 per group). Each animal underwent three sessions (test 1–3) per day for three consecutive days (A). The spontaneous locomotion (n = 6 per group), including travel distance and moving time, was measured for a period of 20 min using open field test (B).</p

Imipramine attenuated buprenorphine-induced depression-like neurobehaviors in pups.

<p>Prenatal buprenorphine (0 and 1 mg/kg/day) exposure was started from gestation day 7 and lasted for 14 days. After birth, the male and female pups were collected at postnatal day 21 and subjected to neurobehavioral test. Male and female pups (n = 6 per group) were subjected to intraperitoneal imipramine (0 and 20 mg/kg) administration 1 h before forced swimming test (A) and tail suspension test (B). **p<0.01 vs. each vehicle group and ##p<0.01 vs. each buprenorphine group.</p

Buprenorphine decreased plasma BDNF and serotonin content and altered signaling molecule expression.

<p>Prenatal buprenorphine (0, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg/day) exposure was started from gestation day 7 and lasted for 14 days. After birth, the male and female pups were collected at postnatal day 21. Blood samples (n = 20 per group) were collected and subjected to ELISA for the measurement of BDNF (A) and serotonin (B). Brain cortical tissues were isolated. The obtained protein extracts (n = 5 per group) were subjected to Western blot analysis for the measurement of phosphorylated TrkB, TrkB, phosphorylated ERK, ERK, phosphorylated CREB, CREB, and β-tubulin (C). The obtained nuclear extracts (n = 5 per group) were subjected to EMSA for the measurement of CREB DNA binding activity (D). The protein extracts (n = 7 per group) were subjected to the enzymatic measurement of PKA activity (E). *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. each vehicle group.</p

Buprenorphine induced depression-like neurobehaviors in pups.

<p>Prenatal buprenorphine (0, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg/day) exposure was started from gestation day 7 and lasted for 14 days. After birth, the male and female pups were collected at postnatal day 21 and subjected to neurobehavioral test. Forced swimming test (n = 6 per group) was conducted for a period of 5 min and the climbing time, swimming time, and immobility time were recorded (A). Tail suspension test (n = 6 per group) was performed for a period of 6 min and the climbing time and immobility time were recorded (B). **p<0.01 vs. each vehicle group.</p

Buprenorphine decreased organ mass in pups.

<p>Prenatal buprenorphine (0, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg/day) exposure was started from gestation day 7 and lasted for 14 days. After birth, the male and female pups were collected at postnatal day 21. At this time, the body mass and brain mass of dams (A) and pups (B) were weighed and the ratio of brain mass in body mass (%) was calculated. The body mass of dams was recorded prior to the start of experiments (beginning) and at the end of experiments (end). **p<0.01 vs. each vehicle group, n = 20 per group.</p