Foucauldian biopower in action: The case of disability sport events in Taiwan, 1972-1992

This paper explores the development of sport for the disabled in Taiwan, from its inception in 1972 until 1992.We start by outlining the socio-political context of Taiwan and highlight how and why the games began as the first of their kind in the sinophone world. Adopting a Foucauldian lens, we use the concept of biopower to illuminate the State apparatus that controls bodies with disabilities. Data was collected through the Foucauldian genealogical tradition, which focuses on how the purpose of the Games for the Disabled was not simply established to provide sporting opportunities, but also became a vehicle in which the biopower of the sovereign was employed. Through the staging of the Games, the authorities of Taiwan achieved the goal of governing the bodies of the disabled in an effort to make the subjugated citizens aware that the disabled should be utilised to contribute toward the nation's greater good

Infinite Copper(II) Coordination Architectures from a Resonative Aminotriazine-Derived Tripodal Ligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties

The ligand 2,4,6-tris­(2-picolylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (<i>o</i>-H₃tpat) with essentially resonative structure and two copper­(II)-based one-dimensional coordination chain structures, [Cu₃Cl₅(<i>o</i>-H₂tpat)­(H₂O)]·MeOH·CH₂Cl₂ (<b>1</b>) and [Cu₂(<i>o</i>-H₂tpat)­(H₂O)­(MeOH)­(NO₃)₂]­(NO₃)·3MeOH (<b>2</b>), with different structural patterns have been synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. For <i>o</i>-H₃tpat, two crystalline forms showing different solid-state structural features are obtained from MeOH/Et₂O (form <b>I</b>) and CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O (form <b>II</b>), respectively. The <i>o</i>-H₃tpat form <b>I</b> adopts an asymmetric-configured all-amino resonative tautomer with three <i>cis–trans–trans-</i>arranged pyridyl groups, whereas the <i>o</i>-H₃tpat form <b>II</b> adopts also an identical resonative structure but where two of the three pyridyl groups are in a <i>cis</i>-manner and the third one is nearly coplanar with the central aminotriazine core. On the other hand, the designed tripodal ligand in both Cu­(II)-complexes serves as a monoanion, <i>o</i>-H₂tpat^–, which suits a propeller-configured all-imino resonative structure in <b>1</b> and a <i>syn</i>–<i>anti</i>-configured amino–imino–imino resonative structure in <b>2</b>. These observations significantly indicate that the <i>o</i>-H₃tpat ligand can self-adjust and interconvert its conformation via a possible structure transformation associated with proton-shift to adapt a change in the crystallization and self-assembly reaction systems. In the magnetic point of view, <b>1</b> is treated as repeated chains composed of infinite {Cu₆Cl₁₀} units wherein the hexanuclear unit is further decomposed to one {Cu­(II)₄Cl₆} and two magnetically isolated {Cu­(II)­Cl₂} subunits. Antiferromagnetic interactions are found for the Cu₄ subunits (<i>g</i> = 2.33, 2<i>J</i>₁ = −5.6 cm^–1, 2<i>J</i>₂ = −8.6 cm^–1, 2<i>J</i>₃ = −4.1 cm^–1, and <i>J</i>₄ held to zero). For <b>2</b>, it is considered as an infinite chain that composes of Cu₂ units antiferromagnetically coupled (<i>g</i> = 2.03, 2<i>J</i>₁ = −0.2 cm^–1). The small antiferromagnetic exchange constants in both <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> suggest that the unpaired spins do not effectively interact through the tripodal <i>o</i>-H₂tpat^– ligands

Infinite Copper(II) Coordination Architectures from a Resonative Aminotriazine-Derived Tripodal Ligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties

The ligand 2,4,6-tris­(2-picolylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (<i>o</i>-H₃tpat) with essentially resonative structure and two copper­(II)-based one-dimensional coordination chain structures, [Cu₃Cl₅(<i>o</i>-H₂tpat)­(H₂O)]·MeOH·CH₂Cl₂ (<b>1</b>) and [Cu₂(<i>o</i>-H₂tpat)­(H₂O)­(MeOH)­(NO₃)₂]­(NO₃)·3MeOH (<b>2</b>), with different structural patterns have been synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. For <i>o</i>-H₃tpat, two crystalline forms showing different solid-state structural features are obtained from MeOH/Et₂O (form <b>I</b>) and CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O (form <b>II</b>), respectively. The <i>o</i>-H₃tpat form <b>I</b> adopts an asymmetric-configured all-amino resonative tautomer with three <i>cis–trans–trans-</i>arranged pyridyl groups, whereas the <i>o</i>-H₃tpat form <b>II</b> adopts also an identical resonative structure but where two of the three pyridyl groups are in a <i>cis</i>-manner and the third one is nearly coplanar with the central aminotriazine core. On the other hand, the designed tripodal ligand in both Cu­(II)-complexes serves as a monoanion, <i>o</i>-H₂tpat^–, which suits a propeller-configured all-imino resonative structure in <b>1</b> and a <i>syn</i>–<i>anti</i>-configured amino–imino–imino resonative structure in <b>2</b>. These observations significantly indicate that the <i>o</i>-H₃tpat ligand can self-adjust and interconvert its conformation via a possible structure transformation associated with proton-shift to adapt a change in the crystallization and self-assembly reaction systems. In the magnetic point of view, <b>1</b> is treated as repeated chains composed of infinite {Cu₆Cl₁₀} units wherein the hexanuclear unit is further decomposed to one {Cu­(II)₄Cl₆} and two magnetically isolated {Cu­(II)­Cl₂} subunits. Antiferromagnetic interactions are found for the Cu₄ subunits (<i>g</i> = 2.33, 2<i>J</i>₁ = −5.6 cm^–1, 2<i>J</i>₂ = −8.6 cm^–1, 2<i>J</i>₃ = −4.1 cm^–1, and <i>J</i>₄ held to zero). For <b>2</b>, it is considered as an infinite chain that composes of Cu₂ units antiferromagnetically coupled (<i>g</i> = 2.03, 2<i>J</i>₁ = −0.2 cm^–1). The small antiferromagnetic exchange constants in both <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> suggest that the unpaired spins do not effectively interact through the tripodal <i>o</i>-H₂tpat^– ligands