Long-Term Frequent Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Might Protect Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Nationwide Case-Control Study

<div><p>The objective of this case-control study was to investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). A total of 10,763 new AS patients were identified from the National Taiwan Health Insurance claims database during the period from 1997 to 2008. In all, 421 AS patients with CVD were recruited as cases, and up to 2-fold as many sex- and age-matched controls were selected. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) between NSAID use and CVD incidence. The medication possession rate (MPR) was used to evaluate NSAID exposure during the study period. AS patients had increased risk of CVD (OR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.57 to 1.80). Among frequent (MPR≥80%) COX II users, the risks for all types of CVD were ten times lower than those among non-users at 24 months (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.92). Among frequent NSAID users, the risks of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) were significantly lower at 12 months (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.76)—a trend showing that longer exposure correlated with lower risk. Regarding non-frequent NSAID users (MPR<80%), short-term exposure did carry higher risk (for 6 months: OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.86), but after 12 months, the risk no longer existed. We conclude that long-term frequent use of NSAIDs might protect AS patients from CVD; however, NSAIDs still carried higher short-term risk in the non-frequent users.</p></div

Risk of MACEs associated with NSAIDs in patients with AS stratified by frequency of exposure and types of NSAIDs adjust for Charlson comorbility index.

<p>Abbreviation: NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Total NSAID, include COX-II inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs; COX-II, cyclooxygenase II inhibitors; MACEs, major adverse cardiac events</p><p>Risk of MACEs associated with NSAIDs in patients with AS stratified by frequency of exposure and types of NSAIDs adjust for Charlson comorbility index.</p

Baseline characteristics of AS patients and duration from diagnosis to the onset of CV disease.

<p>Abbreviation: AS, ankylosing spondylitis; CV, cardiovascular</p><p>Baseline characteristics of AS patients and duration from diagnosis to the onset of CV disease.</p

Risks of all types of cardiovascular diseases associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

<p>(A) Total NSAIDs, (B) specific cyclooxygenase II (COX II) inhibitors, (C) non-selective NSAIDs. NSAID exposure was categorized into non-users, MPR<80% and MPR≥80%. The data were adjusted by the CCI and other drugs used.</p

Risk of stroke associated with NSAIDs in patients with AS stratified by frequency of exposure and types of NSAIDs adjust for Charlson comorbility index.

<p>Abbreviation: NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Total NSAID, include COX-II inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs; COX-II, cyclooxygenase II inhibitors; MACEs, major adverse cardiac events</p><p>Risk of stroke associated with NSAIDs in patients with AS stratified by frequency of exposure and types of NSAIDs adjust for Charlson comorbility index.</p